臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

ABSTRACT

In 2001, the Immigration Department of the Ministry of Interior of Spain launched a four-year program called GRECO (Global Program for Regulating and Coordinating Emigration and Immigration), which aimed to resolve immigration management. This initiative marked the first time in which Spain considered implementing temporary circular labor migration as a way to promote legal immigration and with the agreement’s signing between Ecuador and Spain on May 29, 2001, its policies were legally put into effect.
Due to limited information, a limited number of Ecuadorian temporary circular workers in Spain and insufficient previous studies, this research uses a qualitative approach to describe temporary circular labor migration from Ecuador to Spain. Interviews to authorities who are directly involved in the application of the bilateral agreement between Ecuador and Spain were conducted and their outcome was compared with statistical data in order to obtain significant results.
By analyzing this research topic, a series of facts have revealed the small participation of this agreement in the immigration management between these two countries. For example, according to the Ministry of Labor and Immigration of Spain (MOLI), from 2006 to 2007, due to of the agreement’s implementation, 4,682 temporary residence permits were granted to Ecuadorians; however, during the same period of time MOLI granted to Ecuadorians the total number of 439,725 temporary residence permits.
This study has determined that the limited Spanish labor offers received by the Migrant Workers Union; other bilateral agreements signed between Spain and African, European and other Latin countries; and the lack of agreements between Ecuador and Spanish agrarian unions were the obstacles preventing the agreement from realizing its original vision. Finally, it must be noted that beginning in 2008, immigration from Ecuador to Spain began decreasing as a result not of the agreement’s policies, but due to the downturn of the Spanish economy.

Keywords: Temporary circular labor migration, bilateral agreement.

ABSTRACT

In 2001, the Immigration Department of the Ministry of Interior of Spain launched a four-year program called GRECO (Global Program for Regulating and Coordinating Emigration and Immigration), which aimed to resolve immigration management. This initiative marked the first time in which Spain considered implementing temporary circular labor migration as a way to promote legal immigration and with the agreement’s signing between Ecuador and Spain on May 29, 2001, its policies were legally put into effect.
Due to limited information, a limited number of Ecuadorian temporary circular workers in Spain and insufficient previous studies, this research uses a qualitative approach to describe temporary circular labor migration from Ecuador to Spain. Interviews to authorities who are directly involved in the application of the bilateral agreement between Ecuador and Spain were conducted and their outcome was compared with statistical data in order to obtain significant results.
By analyzing this research topic, a series of facts have revealed the small participation of this agreement in the immigration management between these two countries. For example, according to the Ministry of Labor and Immigration of Spain (MOLI), from 2006 to 2007, due to of the agreement’s implementation, 4,682 temporary residence permits were granted to Ecuadorians; however, during the same period of time MOLI granted to Ecuadorians the total number of 439,725 temporary residence permits.
This study has determined that the limited Spanish labor offers received by the Migrant Workers Union; other bilateral agreements signed between Spain and African, European and other Latin countries; and the lack of agreements between Ecuador and Spanish agrarian unions were the obstacles preventing the agreement from realizing its original vision. Finally, it must be noted that beginning in 2008, immigration from Ecuador to Spain began decreasing as a result not of the agreement’s policies, but due to the downturn of the Spanish economy.

Keywords: Temporary circular labor migration, bilateral agreement.

Table of Contents

Abstract iv
Acknowledgment v
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables ix
List of Figure x
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Motivation 4
1.3 Research Objectives and Research Questions 5
1.4 Research Area and Limitations 6
1.4.1 Access to Information 7
14.2 Access to Resources 7
1.5 Research Design 7
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Temporary Circular Labor Migration 9
2.1.1 Advantages of Temporary Circular Labor Migration 11
2.1.2 Criticism Against Temporary Circular Labor Migration 12
2.1.3 Temporary Circular Labor Migration and the Migrants’
rights 13
2.2. Bilateral Agreements between Spain and Third Countries 14
2.3 Bilateral Agreement between Ecuador and Spain 16
2.4 Migrant Workers Unit 18
2.4.1 Selection Process of the Migrant Workers Unit 19
2.4.2 Folder Requirements 20
2.5 Comparison between the Colombian and the Ecuadorian Agreement 23
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 29
3.1 Methodology 29
3.2 Interviews 30
Chapter 4 ANALYSIS 32
4.1 General Analysis of Push and Pull Factors 32
4.2 Analysis of the Agreement’s Implementation 36
Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS 44
Bibliographies 47
Appendix 1 50
Appendix 2 57
Appendix 3 61

Bibliographies

Books
Federación Iberoamericana de Ombudsman. Migraciones, I Informe sobre Derechos Humanos, Dykinson S.L., Madrid, 2003.
García Añón, José. Políticas Migratorias de la Unión Europea, Ediciones Abya – Yala, Quito – Ecuador, 2004.
Gómez, Emilio José. La Política Migratoria de España y La Unión Europea, Ediciones Abya – Yala, Quito – Ecuador, 2004.
Ibáñez Ríos, José Manuel. Inmigración en España, Editorial Combra, Barcelona – España, 2000.

Electronic Books
Hidalgo, Francisco (editor). “Migraciones, Un juego con cartas marcadas, ” Ed. Abya-Yala, 2004. http://books.google.com (accessed October 13, 2010).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Organization for Migration and International Labour Office, “Handbook on Establishing Effective Labour Migration Policies in Countries of Origin and Destination,” 2006 http://www.osce.org/eea/19242 (accessed June 13, 2011).

Electronic Journals
Agunias, Dovelyn and Kathleen Newland. “Circular Migration and Development: Trends, Policy, Routes, and Ways Forward,” Migration Policy Institute, Policy Brief , (April, 2007),
http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/MigDevPB_041807.pdf (accessed July 2, 2011)
Carrión Mena, Francisco. “La Inmigración Ecuatoriana a España: Realidades y desafíos,” Revista Quórum, no. 011, (Spring, 2005),
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/520/52001104.pdf (accessed May 20, 2011).
Ferrero Rurrión, Ruth, and Ana López Sala. “Nuevas dinámicas de gestión de las migraciones en España: el caso de los acuerdos bilaterales de trabajadores con países de origen,” Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración, Migraciones Internacionales, No. 80 (2009),
http://www.mtin.es/es/publica/pub_electronicas/destacadas/revista/numeros/80/Revista80.pdf (accessed May 20, 2011)
García, José. “Políticas Migratorias de La Unión Europea y Migración Andina,” Revista Aportes Andinos: Globalización, migración y derechos humanos, no. 7 (Octubre, 2003),
http://www.flacsoandes.org/web/imagesFTP/6659.Politicas_Migratorias_de_la_Union_Europea_y_Migracion_Andina_las_garantias_de_los_derechos._Jose_Garcia.pdf (accessed October 31, 2010)
Geronimi, Eduardo, Lorenzo Cachón, and Ezequiel Téxido. “Acuerdos Bilaterales de Migración de Mano de Obra,” Estudios sobre Migraciones Internacionales, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), no. 66 (Ginebra, 2003),
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/migrant/download/imp/imp66s.pdf (accessed November 23, 2010)
Graeme, Hugo. “Circular Migration and Development: An Asia-Pacific Perspective,” Migrationonline.cz, Multicultural Center Praga (September, 2009),
http://aa.ecn.cz/img_upload/6334c0c7298d6b396d213ccd19be5999/GHugo_CircularMigrationAndDevelopment.pdf (accessed November 22, 2010)
Mata-Codesal, Diana. “Circular Codevelopment,” Codevelopment for temporary migration programs, Brighton, United Kingdom (April 2007),
http://www.migrationist.com/images/Mata-Codesal%20 (Circular%20Codevelopment).pdf (accessed November 23, 2010)
Ruhs, Martin. “Migrant rights, immigration policy and human development,” Munich Personal RePEc Archive MPRA, no. 19206 (December, 2009),
http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19206/ (accessed November 13, 2010)
Zapata-Barrero, Ricard, Rocío Faúndez and Elena Sánchez Montijano. “Temporary and circular labour migration (TCLM) between Colombia and Spain: a model for consolidation and replication,” Grup de Recerca Interdisciplinari en Immigració (GRITIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (March, 2009),
http://www.upf.edu/gritim/_pdf/INFORME_FINAL_IOM.pdf (accessed November 23, 2010)
Zapata-Barrero, Ricard, Rocío Faúndez and Elena Sánchez Montijano, “Temporary and circular labour migration: reassessing established public policies,” Grup de Recerca Interdisciplinari en Immigració (GRITIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, No. 1 (Autumn 2009),
http://www.upf.edu/gritim/_pdf/GRITIM_UPF_WP_Series_1_Zapata_Faundez_Sanchez.pdf (accessed November 23, 2010)

Electronic Conference Papers
Abella, Manolo. “Policies and Best Practices for Management of Temporary Migration.” Paper presented at the International Symposium on International Migration and Development, Turin-Italy, June 28-30, 2006,
http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/turin/Symposium_Turin_files/P03_SYMP_Abella.pdf (accessed Mayo 20, 2011)
Philip L. Martin. “Managing Labor Migration: Temporary Worker Programs for the 21st Century.” Paper presented at the International Symposium on International Migration and Development, Turin-Italy, June 28-30, 2006, http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/turin/Symposium_Turin_files/P07_Martin.pdf (accessed December 15, 2010)

Documents
Acuerdo entre la República del Ecuador y el Reino de España Relativo a la Regulación y Ordenación de los Flujos Migratorios, Mayo 2009.
http://extranjeros.mtin.es/es/NormativaJurisprudencia/Internacional/ConveniosBilaterales/ConveniosMigratorios/ (accessed December 15, 2010).
Convergence and Employment, the Spanish National Reform Program, October 13, 2005 .
Reglamento de la Ley Orgánica 4/2000, de 11 de enero, sobre derechos y libertades de los extranjeros en España y su integración social,
https://www.redtrabaja.es/es/portaltrabaja/resources/pdf/dificil_cobertura/RealDecreto2393-2004.pdf (accessed March 12, 2011).