臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究背景：因長時間臥床休息且活動量減少，大部份住院安胎孕婦都有睡眠品質不佳的困擾。但過去卻少有研究探討住院安胎孕婦睡眠品質。故本研究的目的為探討高危險妊娠住院安胎婦女之睡眠品質及睡前接受輕撫按摩對其總睡眠時數、自覺睡眠品質、與睡眠後日間功能狀態之影響。

研究方法：本研究以自我交叉試驗研究設計，探討睡前給予20 分鐘輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女睡眠品質之影響。以立意取樣，選擇36 位年滿20 歲、妊娠週數20 週以上之南部某醫學中心住院安胎孕婦。在連續四天的研究期間，每位孕婦連續兩日夜眠前均接受輕撫按摩，另二日則無接受輕撫按摩，接受按摩與否的順序以重覆區集排列之隨機分派來決定。按摩方式為睡前給予研究對象20 分鐘之輕撫按摩，部位包含背部、未施打靜脈注射針之手臂及小腿，每個部位5 分鐘。研究期間研究對象持續配戴腕動計（iHealth）以監測睡眠時數，並於隔日睡前填寫維辛氏睡眠品質量表監測自覺睡眠品質與日間功能狀態。研究資料以描述性統計、成對樣本t 檢定及魏可遜配對符號等級考驗進行分析。

研究結果：整體而言住院安胎婦女進入研究前其夜間睡眠品質平均得分為
623.61±85.06 分，不及滿分的一半。睡前接受20 分鐘輕撫按摩者其夜間睡眠總時數（小時）較未接受者長（6.95±0.56 v.s. 6.41±0.48，p 〈.001）；第一次警醒時間（小時）較未接受者長（2.40±0.69 v.s. 1.73±0.66，p 〈.001）；睡眠中警醒次數較未接受者少（2.94±1.01 v.s. 3.92±1.16，p 〈.001）；夜間睡眠潛伏期時間（分鐘）較未接受者短（16.54±5.60 v.s. 28.03±9.82，p 〈.001）；在自評睡眠品質部份，接受輕撫按摩者其整體睡眠品質得分較未接受者高，清醒後日間功能活動狀態品質較未接受者高，自覺睡眠潛伏期品質得分較未接受者高。

結論與建議：研究結果顯示高危險妊娠住院安胎婦女的睡眠品質普遍不佳，睡前20分鐘之輕撫按摩，可協助住院安胎婦女增加總睡眠時間，縮短睡眠潛伏期使其僅早進入睡眠週期，並且拉長睡眠中第一次警醒時間使睡眠週期較完整，進而改善自覺睡眠品質。建議未來可將「輕撫按摩法」加入住院安胎衛教中，由護理人員協助，並可指導配偶或家屬執行方式與注意事項，幫助住院安胎婦女改善睡眠品質，提升照護品質。

INTRODUCTION
Sleep is a complex physiological process to restore physical agility and energy, and poor sleep quality will affect physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral and social functioning. Since pregnant women play a key role in fetal growth and development, their sleep quality not only affects their own health, but also that of the fetus.

Pregnant women who are hospitalized for tocolysis usually experience poor sleep quality , and this has been shown to increase inflammatory markers and negative pregnancy outcomes (Okun ＆ Coussons-Read, 2007). Women who are hospitalized for tocolysis are thus usually advised to stay in bed and limit the amount of activities. However, the resulting immobilization might induce muscle tightness, back pain, sleep disturbances, and other symptoms. Although this is an obvious problem, relatively little research has been carried out that aims to improve the sleep quality of high-risk pregnant women.

Many methods such as massage, music therapy, meditation, relaxation could improve quality of sleep. Worth mentioning that massage has been used for improve the sleep quality of ICU bed-ridden patients. Massage can have positive effects by lowering the amount of stress hormones and helping them to relax. Field, Deigo, ＆ Hernandez-Reif (2007) reviewed 6 studies that assessed a theoretical model in which massage therapy increases serotonin and decreases cortisol and depression. In addition, massage therapy is shown to increase dopamine and, in turn, decrease norepinephrine and anxiety. Massage can also facilitate the EEG rhythmic transmit α wave, which means that it can improve the quality of sleep (Field et al., 2004b; Glover et al., 1999; Lundy et al., 1998; Wadwha et al., 1998).

Effleurage massage is the most important techniques of relaxation, which can also promote blood circulation and lymphatic drainage (Field et al., 2007), and it is commonly used with pregnant women. While few studies have used massage to improve pregnant women’s sleep, effleurage massage has been used with ICU patients. Chen (2002) studied the use of effleurage massage for bed-ridden ICU patients, and showed that the patients who received massage therapy had more stable physiological indexes (i.e., heartbeat, blood pressure, and blood oxygen) and longer sleep times that those who did not receive it.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Design and Sample
This randomized control trial with a cross-over design study was conducted from July 2013 to September 2013. Subjects were recruited from the tocolysis ward in a University-affiliated hospital. High-risk pregnant women were eligible for participation if they were over 20 years old and their gestation periods were between 20 to 36 weeks. The following exclusion criteria were applied : diagnosis of depression, major mental disorder, taking of any medications known to affect sleep patterns, diagnosis of spine or back disease, skin of the back, arms or legs suffering from lesions or allergies or in the first active phase of labor. Subjects were allocated to the earlier-massage group (n=18) or later-massage group (n=18) by permuted block randomization with block size of 4.

Procedure
This study was approved by the hospitals’ institutional review board. Subjects who were eligible for participation and complete a consent form. They were allocated to earlier- and later-massage groups in four consecutive days. Effleurage massage was given with the center of the palm to slowly and softly massage from distal ends to proximal ends, applied at back, arms and legs. The earlier-massage group received effleurage massage for 20 minutes on the first and second nights before sleep, and not receive effleurage massage on third and fourth nights, while the reverse was true for the later-massage group.

Measurement
The demographic information that was collected included age, gestational age, pregnancy history, diagnosis, medication, and previous quality of sleep. The subjects’ previous quality of sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989).

Subjective sleep quality was measure by the 15-item Verran and Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale (VSH; Snyder-Halpern ＆ Verran, 1987). The VSH sleep scale is a visual analogue instrument, in which the subjects are asked to answer each question about their previous night’s sleep by placing a vertical mark on a 100 mm line at a point between the verbal end statements. A higher total score means a better quality of sleep. Objective sleep time was measured by the actigraphy monitor (iHealth; Wang et al., 2011). iHealth is a portable watch-type sensor module that uses a small accelerometer to record a person’s speed and degree of motion, thus detecting their sleep/ wakefulness status. iHealth is worn on the non-dominant hand or ankle to record the total sleep time, duration of sleep latency, first wake after sleep onset, and frequency of waking up.

Analysis
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program (SPSS) for Windows 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Sample characteristics and variables of interest were summarized by descriptive statistics. The research questions were answered by paired-t tests and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks tests. A value of p 〈.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS
The final analyses were based on the data obtained from the thirty-six women who completed the four-day study. Forty-three women were initially recruited, but four withdrew from the study after having been discharged and three entered the active phase of labor, and so were excluded from the sample. The women’s mean age was 32.4±2.9 years (range=27 to 39) and their mean gestation was 29.4±2.6 weeks, with a range of 24-35 weeks. Most of the women (63.9%) were multipara, and length of hospital stay was 2.6±1.2 days (range=2 to 6) before intervention. Twenty-three women (63.9%) had a global score of 〉5 on the PSQI.

In total quality of sleep and subscale of quality of day-time function, quality of sleep undisturbed, quality of sleep latency measured by VSH were all less then one-half of total score.

The effect of effleurage massage on quality of sleep
The results of the paired-t test showed that women who received massage had a higher total sleep quality score compared to those who did not receive it(p 〈.001). Similar results were found for the three subscales of sleep quality (p 〈.001).

The effect of effleurage massage on total sleep time
The results of the paired-t test showed that the mean total sleep time for the massage group was 6.9±0.6 hours, longer than that for the group that did not receive a massage (6.4±0.5, p 〈.001). A subgroup analysis was conducted based on the subjects’ previous quality of sleep, as measured by the PSQI. No matter whether the subjects were in the good or poor PSQI groups, the total sleep time in the massage group was longer than that in the non-massage group (p 〈.001).

The effect of effleurage massage on sleep latency
The results of the paired-t test showed that the massage group had a shorter duration of sleep latency than the non-massage group ( p 〈.001). First wake time after sleep onset was also longer in the massage group compared to the non-massage group ( p 〈.001).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Our results showed that 63.9% of the pregnant women had poor sleep quality (PSQI ≧5), echoing previous studies (Ko, Chang, ＆ Chen, 2010). The results also showed that effleurage massage can improve the perceived sleep quality and sleep time for women with tocolysis. This is similar to the findings of Cheng (2002), which examined the effects of effleurage massage on sleep quality for bed-ridden ICU patients, who had similar levels of mobility to the subjects examined in this work.

We also found that sleep latency (time to fall asleep) was significantly shorter for the effleurage massage group. This may be because effleurage massage can facilitate the production of α waves, and thus subjects will easily move into NREM sleep (Ujhely, 1979; Rowen, 2002; Moyer et al., 2004; Löken et al., 2009). In addition, slow effleurage massage can increase dopamine levels whole decreasing norepinephrine and anxiety, and so it is not surprising that the women in this study who received massage found it easier to relax and fell asleep faster (Field, Deigo, ＆ Hernandez-Reif, 2007).

Limitations
The findings of this study are limited by the fact that it was not possible to carry out a blind intervention, and so the Hawthorne effect could not be avoided. However, this study, did use an objective method to assess sleep quality, and this may increase the credibility of its findings.

Clinical Applications
The findings of this study suggest that clinical health professionals can use effleurage massage for women with tocolysis in order to improve sleep quality. In addition, we also suggest adding effleurage massage into the health education programs that are offered to such women. Effleurage massage is a basic relaxation technique that ordinary people should be able to learn and apply after it has been demonstrated by healthcare professionals, and so the partners of pregnant women should be shown how to do this. In this way, we cannot only help women with tocolysis to have better sleep, but also promote bonding between the women and their partners, which is also helpful clinically.

中文摘要..................................................I
英文摘要................................................III
致謝...................................................VIII
目錄.....................................................X
圖目錄、表目錄............................................XII
附錄...................................................XIII
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與重要性....................................1
第二節 研究問題...........................................2
第三節 研究目的...........................................3
第二章 文獻查證
第一節 睡眠與品質之概念....................................4
第二節 高危險妊娠與住院安胎之情境............................8
第三節 高危險妊娠住院安胎婦女之睡眠品質.......................9
第四節 按摩於高危險妊娠住院安胎婦女睡眠品質之成效..............11
第五節 測量睡眠品質的工具..................................14
第六節 研究架構..........................................16
第七節 研究假設..........................................17
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究設計..........................................18
第二節 研究對象與場所.....................................19
第三節 介入措施..........................................20
第四節 研究工具..........................................23
第五節 資料收集與過程.....................................26
第六節 資料分析..........................................28
第七節 研究倫理考量.......................................29
第四章 研究結果
第一節 研究對象基本資料....................................31
第二節 住院安胎婦女之夜間睡眠品質............................35
第三節 輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女夜間睡眠時間之影響.................37
第四節 輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女睡眠潛伏期之影響...................39
第五節 輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女夜眠受擾情形之影響..................40
第六節 輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女自覺睡眠品質及清醒後活動狀態品質之影響..43
第五章 討論
第一節 住院安胎婦女之夜間睡眠品質.............................44
第二節 輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女夜間睡眠時間之影響..................45
第三節 輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女睡眠潛伏期之影響....................46
第四節 輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女夜眠受擾情形之影響..................47
第五節 輕撫按摩對住院安胎婦女自覺睡眠品質及清醒後活動狀態品質之影響..48
第六章 結論與建議
第一節 結論...............................................49
第二節 臨床應用............................................49
第三節 研究限制............................................50
第四節 未來研究方向.........................................50
參考文獻..................................................51

圖目錄
圖2-1 按摩於改善睡眠品質之機轉...............................13
圖2-2 研究概念架構圖.......................................17
圖3-1 以彎月型減壓枕支托腹側及腿部............................21
圖3-2 趴坐時使用產球支托....................................21
圖3-3 按摩介質之低敏感性乳液.................................22
圖3-4 背部輕撫按摩示意圖....................................22
圖3-5 手臂輕撫按摩示意圖....................................22
圖3-6 小腿輕撫按摩示意圖....................................22
圖3-7 輕撫按摩避開部位示意圖.................................22
圖3-8 腕動計iHealth ......................................25
圖3-9 研究流程圖...........................................27
圖4-1 研究對象收案過程......................................32

表目錄
表4-1 研究對象基本資料.......................................................33
表4-2 有無接受輕撫按摩組之安胎婦女夜間睡眠干擾因子比較............34
表4-3 住院安胎婦女之夜間睡眠品質分數表.........................35
表4-4 住院安胎婦女夜眠中清醒原因次數表…........................36
表4-5 輕撫按摩與否對住院安胎婦女夜間睡眠時間比較.................38
表4-6 輕撫按摩與否對安胎婦女夜間睡眠潛伏期比較之比較..............39
表4-7 輕撫按摩與否對安胎婦女夜眠自覺受擾情形之比較...............41
表4-8 輕撫按摩與否對安胎婦女夜眠中清醒原因之影響的比較............42
表4-9 輕撫按摩與否對安胎婦女睡眠品質之比較......................43

附錄
附錄一 同意人體研究證明書...................................59
附錄二 輕撫按摩法流程表....................................60
附錄三 個案基本資料登錄表...................................61
附錄四 匹茲堡睡眠品質量表中文版問卷使用同意書...................63
附錄五 匹茲堡睡眠品質量表...................................64
附錄六 匹茲堡睡眠品質量表計分標準.............................66
附錄七 維辛式睡眠量表問卷使用同意書...........................67
附錄八 中文維辛式睡眠量表...................................68
附錄九 中文維辛式睡眠量表計分說明.............................70
附錄十 夜間護理照護、清醒原因與夜晚燈光記錄表...................71
附錄十一 研究過程中出現危險徵象之緊急保護措施...................72

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