臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，由於新興服務的崛起，例如超高清影音4K和8K、雲端運算儲存、5G通訊等，數據頻寬的需求急遽性的增加。因此許多的解決方案被提出來，包含了網路系統升級，高速調變訊號的使用等，但這最終都會面臨到許多「電」的限制，如電訊號傳輸的低效率與高成本、高頻電元件的昂貴等等。當電元件的製程極限與效能極限已近在眼前，成本與效能無法對等交換時，矽光子技術就是一個極具有潛力的突破點。矽光子技術就是將許多光元件利用CMOS製程積體化於矽晶片上，大幅縮小其體積與耗能，比起同規格的電元件，其製程成本更低，效能更為理想。
本論文研究為矽光子元件應用於光通訊領域的研究。論文中會首先介紹科技進步以及數據頻寬的需求趨勢，包含矽光子技術的崛起與特色，同時會對於本論文中所使用的高速調變訊號（OOK、PAM-4、OFDM）有簡單的介紹。論文中會於第二章節至第五章節中，依序說明主要研究的矽光子元件，包含分模多工元件MDM、矽微型環調變器SiMRM、矽光子Mach-Zehnder調變器SiMZM、矽鍺光接收器Ge-Si PD以及矽微型環共振器SiMRR等應用。
於第二章節中，會將三頻道的MDM元件用於多波長頻道進行高速訊號傳輸，總傳輸數據量可達到2.6 Tbit/s，對於應用於數據中心或是晶片互連傳輸等應用相當具有潛力。於第三章節中，為矽光子調變器的應用，會將SiMRM與SiMZM應用於光通訊系統中的光發送端，使其在光波長頻道載上高速調變訊號，並於接收端解調此訊號，此章節使用到多種等化器去進行訊號的修復補償比較，包含FFE、DFE、Volterra等，而機器學習架構下的神經元網路NN演算法會獨立被應用於SiMZM的調變解調，此章節會包含上述四種等化器演算法的簡介。於第四章節中，為Ge-Si PD應用於光通訊系統中接收端的應用，會分別接收高速PAM-4訊號以及OFDM訊號，搭配Volterra等化器進行接收訊號的補償修復。於第五章節中，將SiMRR應用於光纖環型雷射共振腔中，搭配外加的光纖環型結構，提出兩種不同架構的光纖雷射，都具有波長可調，穩定SLM輸出的特性。
本論文研究提出了數種矽光子元件於光通訊系統中的應用，包含高速調變訊號的傳輸以及搭配不同等化器演算法的補償，皆可成功達到高速傳輸速率的目的。透過本論文研究，可望能夠使矽光子技術於光通訊領域的應用突破傳統瓶頸限制；使光通訊系統傳輸速率大幅提升。

The bandwidth demands are increasing rapidly in recent years due to the introduction of new emerging services, such as 4K or 8K UHDTV, cloud computing, 5G mobile front-haul, etc. To meet these bandwidth demands, many solutions have been proposed, including the upgrade of communication systems and the employment of high efficient modulation formats. Among the solution proposed, silicon photonics technology is a promising candidate. Silicon photonics is compatible with CMOS processing that can integrate the optical elements into the silicon substrate and minimize the volume and power consume. Comparable with the same specification of electrical components, the fabrication of silicon photonics devices could be low-cost.
This dissertation proposed the research of silicon photonic devices for optical communications. First of all, the background, motivation and characteristic of silicon photonics technology will be introduced. The advanced modulated signal formats which are employed in the dissertation are also involved, including OOK, PAM-4, and OFDM. In Chapter 2 to 5, we will introduce several key silicon photonic devices required in optical communication, including the applications of mode-division-multiplexer (MDM), silicon micro-ring modulator (SiMRM), silicon Mach Zehnder modulator (SiMZM), germanium-silicon photodetector (Ge-Si PD), and silicon micro-ring resonator (SiMRR).
In Chapter 2, we will discuss a 3-channel MDM with multi-wavelength channels for high-speed transmission; the total data rate of 2.6 Tbit/s is achieved. This research has potential for the applications in data center or chip-level optical interconnect. In Chapter 3, we will discuss a silicon photonic modulator used in transmitter, and demodulation in the receiver by serval equalizers. There are four different equalizers used in this chapter, including Feed-Forward Equalizer (FFE), Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE), Volterra, and Neural-Network (NN). Among these equalizers, the NN is one of the machine learning algorithms, was applied independently to the demodulation of SiMZM transmission case. This chapter also includes the introduction of the four equlaizers. Chapter 4 is the detection of Ge-Si PD in the receiver. Both the high-speed PAM-4 and OFDM modulation signal were used to detect by the Ge-Si PD. And Volterra equalizer was used to compensate the received signals. Chapter 5 is the research of SiMRR used in the cavity of fiber ring laser with the special design of fiber ring structure. There are two different structures of fiber ring laser in this chapter, and both of them could lase with tunable wavelength and stable single-longitudinal-mode.
This dissertation proposed several key silicon photonic devices and with their applications in the optical communication, including transmission of high-speed modulation signal and compensation the received signal by different equalizers. Through this research, it is hoped that the applications of the silicon photonic in the optical communication could break through the traditional bottleneck limitation, and make the significantly improve in the transmission data rate of optical communication system.

摘要............................................................................................................................................I
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................III
致謝...........................................................................................................................................V
目錄........................................................................................................................................VII
圖目錄.......................................................................................................................................X
表目錄...................................................................................................................................XIV
縮寫清單................................................................................................................................XV
第一章 緒論..............................................................................................................................1
1-1 全球網際網路流量概述........................................................................................1
1-2 研究動機................................................................................................................1
1-3 矽光子技術概述....................................................................................................2
1-4 先進調變格式........................................................................................................4
1-4-1 開關鍵控OOK（On-Off Keying, OOK）和四階脈衝振幅調變（4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation, PAM-4）格式..................................................5
1-4-2 正交分頻多工（OFDM）調變格式............................................................7
1-5 論文概要..............................................................................................................11
Reference....................................................................................................................11
第二章 矽光子技術中的分模多工元件................................................................................14
2-1 簡介.....................................................................................................................14
2-1-1 直向耦合器DC........................................................................................14
2-1-2非對稱型直向耦合器ASDC的特性與應用...........................................15
2-2利用PAM-4格式調變達到傳輸流量2.6 Tbit/s的分模多工光互聯技術.........17
2-2-1 簡介..........................................................................................................18
2-2-2 元件特性與實驗架構..............................................................................19
2-2-3 實驗結果與討論......................................................................................23
2-2-4章節研究總結...........................................................................................25
Reference...........................................................................................................25
第三章 用於光接取網路之光發送端中的矽光子元件........................................................33
3-1 簡介.....................................................................................................................33
3-2 數位訊號處理技術.............................................................................................33
3-2-1前向反饋式等化器(FFE)..........................................................................34
3-2-2決策反饋式等化器(DFE).........................................................................35
3-2-3 Volterra非線性等化器.............................................................................36
3-2-4神經元網路(NN)技術...............................................................................37
3-3 矽微型環調變器.................................................................................................41
3-3-1 簡介..........................................................................................................41
3-3-2 元件特性與系統架構..............................................................................42
3-3-3 實驗結果與討論......................................................................................45
3-3-4 章節研究總結..........................................................................................50
3-4 矽光子Mach-Zehnder調變器............................................................................51
3-4-1 簡介..........................................................................................................51
3-4-2 實驗架構與元件特性..............................................................................54
3-4-3 實驗結果與討論......................................................................................56
3-4-4 章節研究總結..........................................................................................61
Reference...........................................................................................................61
第四章 用於光接取網路之光接收端中的矽光子接收元件................................................70
4-1用於分時分波多工複合被動光網路(TWDM-PON)的積體矽光接收器模組..70
4-1-1簡介...........................................................................................................70
4-1-2概念架構與光積體接收模組設計...........................................................71
4-1-3元件特性與實驗結果...............................................................................73
4-1-4章節研究總結...........................................................................................77
4-2使用Ge-Si PD直接偵測PAM-4訊號.................................................................78
4-2-1簡介...........................................................................................................78
4-2-2元件特性與實驗架構...............................................................................78
4-2-3實驗結果與討論.......................................................................................80
4-2-4章節研究總結...........................................................................................84
4-3使用Ge-Si PD直接偵測OFDM訊號.................................................................84
4-3-1簡介...........................................................................................................84
4-3-2實驗架構與元件特性...............................................................................85
4-3-3實驗結果與討論.......................................................................................87
4-3-4章節研究總結...........................................................................................89
Reference........................................ ...........................................................................90
第五章 矽光子技術應用於光纖雷射....................................................................................93
5-1簡介............. ........................................................................................................93
5-2使用矽微型環共振器以及腔內式光纖多環結構組成可調波長單縱模輸出之光纖雷射..............................................................................................................95
5-2-1簡介...........................................................................................................95
5-2-2實驗架構與元件特性...............................................................................96
5-2-3實驗結果與討論.......................................................................................99
5-2-4章節研究總結.........................................................................................102
5-3使用矽微型環共振器以及腔外式光纖環組成波長可調窄線寬單縱模輸出之光纖雷射............................................................................................................103
5-3-1簡介.........................................................................................................103
5-3-2實驗架構與元件分析.............................................................................104
5-3-3實驗結果與討論.....................................................................................107
5-3-4章節研究總結.........................................................................................110
Reference..................................................................................................................111
第6章 論文總結...................................................................................................................115
著作列表................................................................................................................................117
國際期刊論文..........................................................................................................117
國際會議論文..........................................................................................................119

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[3(1)] Gee-Kung Chang, Arshad Chowdhury, Zhensheng Jia, Hung-Chang Chien, Ming-Fang Huang, Jianjun Yu, and Georgios Ellinas, “Key Technologies of WDM-PON for Future Converged Optical Broadband Access Networks,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, Vol. 1, Issue 4, pp. C35–C50, 2009.
[3(2)] I-Cheng Lu, Chia-Chien Wei, Wen-Jr Jiang, Hsing-Yu Chen, Yu-Chieh Chi, Yi-Cheng Li, Dar-Zu Hsu, Gong-Ru Lin, and Jyehong Chen, “20-Gbps WDM-PON transmissions employing weak-resonant-cavity FPLD with OFDM and SC-FDE modulation formats,” Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 7, pp. 8622–8629, 2013.
[3(3)] Hai-Han Lu, Hsiang-Chun Peng, Wen-Shing Tsai, Chun-Cheng Lin, Shah-Jye Tzeng, and Yi-Zsai Lin, “Bidirectional hybrid CATV/radio-over-fiber WDM transport system,” Optics Letters, Vol. 35, Issue 3, pp. 279–281, 2010.
[3(4)] Zhengxuan Li, Lilin Yi, Meihua Bi, Jun Li, Hao He, Xuelin Yang, and Weisheng Hu, “Experimental demonstration of a symmetric 40-Gb/s TWDM-PON,” in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, NTh4F.3, 2013.
[3(5)] Chi-Wai Chow, Jiun-Yu Sung, Chin-Wei Hsu, and Chien-Hung Yeh, “Enabling technologies and signal processing for NG-PON2 and future WDM-PON,” in Proc. International Conference on Information, Communications & Signal Processing, pp. 1–2, 2013.
[3(6)] Chi-Wai Chow, Chien-Hung Yeh, Ke Xu, Jiun-Yu Sung, and Hon-Ki Tsang, “TWDM-PON With Signal Remodulation and Rayleigh Noise Circumvention for NG-PON2,” IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 6, pp. 7902306, 2013.
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[3(9)] Koji Yamada, Jurgen Michel, Marco Romagnoli, and Hon Ki Tsang, “Introduction for the group-IV photonics feature,” Photonics Research, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. GP1–GP1, 2014.
[3(10)] David J. Moss, Roberto Morandotti, Alexander L. Gaeta, and Michal Lipson, “New CMOS-compatible platforms based on silicon nitride and Hydex for nonlinear optics,” Nature Photonics, Vol. 7, pp. 597–607, 2013.
[3(11)] Daoxin Dai and John E. Bowers, “Novel concept for ultracompact polarization splitter-rotator based on silicon nanowires,” Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 11, pp. 10940–10949, 2011.
[3(12)] Bing Qing Zhu, Hon Ki Tsang, “High Coupling Efficiency Silicon Waveguide to Metal–Insulator–Metal Waveguide Mode Converter,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 34, Issue 10, pp. 2467–2472, 2016.
[3(13)] Xiang Wen, Ke Xu, and Qinghai Song, “Design of a barcode-like waveguide nanostructure for efficient chip–fiber coupling,” Photonics Research, Vol. 4, Issue 6, pp. 209–213, 2016.
[3(14)] Xinru Wu, Chaoran Huang, Ke Xu, Chester Shu, and Hon Ki Tsang, “Mode-division multiplexing for silicon photonic network-on-chip,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 15, pp. 3223–3228, 2017.
[3(15)] M. Glick, S. Rumley, G. Dongaonkar, Q. Li, K. Bergman and R. Dutt,“Silicon photonic interconnection networks for data centers,” in Proc. IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series, Waikoloa, HI, pp. 244–245, 2013.
[3(16)] Thomas Liljeberg, “Silicon photonics and the future of optical connectivity in the data center,” in Proc. IEEE Optical Interconnects Conference (OI), pp. 1–2, 2017.
[3(17)] Ryohei Urata, Hong Liu, Cedric Lam, Pedram Dashti, and Chris Johnson, “Silicon photonics for optical access networks,” in Proc. The 9th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (GFP), Paper ThD1, 2012.
[3(18)] Silvio Abrate, Roberto Gaudino, Guido Giuliani, Enrico Temporiti, Peter O'Brien, Guang-Hua Duan, Sylvie Menezo, and Benoit Charbonnier, “Silicon photonics and FDMA-PON: insights from the EU FP7 FABULOUS project,” in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Paper M3J.2, 2015.
[3(19)] Jinlong Wei, Qixiang Cheng, Richard V. Penty, Ian H. White, and David G. Cunningham, “400 Gigabit Ethernet using advanced modulation formats: Performance, complexity, and power dissipation,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 53, Issue 2, pp. 182–189, 2015.
[3(20)] Raphaël Dubé-Demers, Sophie LaRochelle, and Wei Shi, “Ultrafast pulse-amplitude modulation with a femtojoule silicon photonic modulator,” Optica, Vol. 3, Issue 6, pp. 622–627, 2016.
[3(21)] Yung Hsu, Ta-Ching Tzu, Tien-Chien Lin, Chun-Yen Chuang, Xinru Wu, Jyehong Chen, Chien-Hung Yeh, Hon-Ki Tsang, and Chi-Wai Chow, “64-Gbit/s PAM-4 20-km Transmission Using Silicon Micro-ring Modulator for Optical Access Networks,” in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, paper M3H.2, 2017.
[3(22)] Xinru Wu, Chaoran Huang, Ke Xu, Chester Shu, and Hon Ki Tsang, “128-Gb/s line rate OFDM signal modulation using an integrated silicon microring modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 19, pp. 2058–2061, 2016.
[3(23)] Po Dong, Jeffrey Lee, Kwangwoong Kim, Young-Kai Chen, and Chengcheng Gui, “Ten-Channel Discrete Multi-Tone Modulation Using Silicon Microring Modulator Array,” in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, paper W4J.4, 2016.
[3(24)] Erman Timurdogan, Cheryl M. Sorace-Agaskar, Jie Sun, Ehsan Shah Hosseini, leksandr Biberman, and Michael R. Watts, “An ultralow power athermal silicon modulator,” Nature Communications, Vol. 5, pp. 4008, 2014.
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[3(26)] Chi Xiong, Douglas M. Gill, Jonathan E. Proesel, Jason S. Orcutt, Wilfried Haensch, and William M. J. Green, “Monolithic 56  Gb/s silicon photonic pulse-amplitude modulation transmitter,” Optica, Vol. 3, Issue 10, pp. 1060–1065, 2016.
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[3(33)] Neda Cvijetic, “OFDM for next-generation optical access networks,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 4, pp. 384–398, 2012.
[3(34)] I-Cheng Lu, Chia-Chien Wei, Wen-Jr Jiang, Hsing-Yu Chen, Yu-Chieh Chi, Yi-Cheng Li, Dar-Zu Hsu, Gong-Ru Lin, and Jyehong Chen, “20-Gbps WDM-PON transmissions employing weak-resonant-cavity FPLD with OFDM and SC-FDE modulation formats,” Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 7, pp. 8622–8629, 2013.
[3(35)] Hai-Han Lu, Hsiang-Chun Peng, Wen-Shing Tsai, Chun-Cheng Lin, Shah-Jye Tzeng, and Yi-Zsai Lin, “Bidirectional hybrid CATV/radio-over-fiber WDM transport system,” Optics Letters, Vol. 35, Issue 3, pp. 279–281, 2010.
[3(36)] Zhengxuan Li, Lilin Yi, Meihua Bi, Jun Li, Hao He, Xuelin Yang, and Weisheng Hu, “Experimental demonstration of a symmetric 40-Gb/s TWDM-PON,” in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, NTh4F.3, 2013.
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[3(39)] Chi-Wai Chow, Chien-Hung Yeh, Ke Xu, Jiun-Yu Sung, and Hon-Ki Tsang, “TWDM-PON With Signal Remodulation and Rayleigh Noise Circumvention for NG-PON2,” IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 6, pp. 7902306, 2013.
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[3(57)] Erman Timurdogan, Cheryl M. Sorace-Agaskar, Jie Sun, Ehsan Shah Hosseini, leksandr Biberman, and Michael R. Watts, “An ultralow power athermal silicon modulator,” Nature Communications, Vol. 5, pp. 4008, 2014.
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[4(1)] Ronald W. Heron and Ed Harstead, “FSAN NG-PON2 updates,” in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OW4D.5, 2013.
[4(2)] Yuanqiu Luo, Xiaoping Zhou, Frank Effenberger, Xuejin Yan, Guikai Peng, Yinbo Qian, and Yiran Ma, “Time- and Wavelength-Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (TWDM-PON) for Next-Generation PON Stage 2 (NG-PON2),” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 587–593, 2013.
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[4(7)] Chi-Wai Chow, Chien-Hung Yeh, Ke Xu, Jiun-Yu Sung, and Hon-Ki Tsang, “TWDM-PON With Signal Remodulation and Rayleigh Noise Circumvention for NG-PON2,” IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 6, pp. 7902306, 2013.
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[4(12)] Zhengxuan Li, Lilin Yi, Xiaodong Wang, and Weisheng Hu, “28 Gb/s duobinary signal transmission over 40 km based on 10 GHz DML and PIN for 100 Gb/s PON,” Optics Express, Vol. 23, Issue 16, pp. 20249–20256, 2015.
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