臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究指出仙人掌果(Opuntia dillenii fruit) 含有豐富的抗氧化物質，或許可以提升體內抗氧化酵素，減少慢性疾病所造成的氧化系統失衡及併發症等現象產生。本研究旨在探討仙人掌果 (Opuntia dillenii fruit, ODF)對高血脂症大白鼠血脂、氧化狀態及發炎反應之影響。實驗使用四週齡雄性Wistar大鼠，隨機分為正常控制組、正常鼠餵予ODF(100mg/Kg BW)組、高膽固醇飲食組(2% cholesterol+15% soy oil)、高膽固醇餵予ODF(2% cholesterol+15% soy oil +100 /mg Kg BW ODF)組，實驗為期12週。期間記錄體重、攝食量，收集血液進行血液生化值與體內氧化狀態分析，包括：脂質過氧化物-丙二醛(Malondialdehyde；MDA) 含量測定；抗氧化酵素含量分析，包括：超氧歧化酶( Superoxide dismutase；SOD )及觸酶（Catalase；CAT）酵素活性測定。另取肝臟進行組織病理切片及測定細胞激素Interleukin ( IL ) – 6及Tumor necrosis factor α ( TNF-α)之mRNA表現量。結果顯示，仙人掌果萃取物的添加可顯著降低高膽固醇血症鼠血漿總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、三酸甘油脂、GOT濃度及脂質過氧化物MDA之生成量，可顯著提升體內觸酶活性，對超氧歧化酶活性並無顯著影響。經高油高膽固醇飲食誘導後，高膽固醇血症大鼠之肝臟呈現嚴重脂肪肝及發炎現象，且有腫大情形；ODF的添加能顯著降低肝臟中TNF-α mRNA之表現量，對IL-6之影響並不顯著。綜合上述，添加仙人掌果萃取物可改善高膽固醇血症大鼠血脂異常之狀態，提升體內抗氧化能力，並能降低肝臟前發炎激素之表現。

Several researchs pointed out that the cactus fruit (Opuntia dillenii fruit), which contained abundant antioxidants, might lessen the imbalance of oxidative status and complication of chronic disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Opuntia dillenii fruit (ODF) in hypercholesteremia rats. Four-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four experimental groups, inclouding normal control, normal diet with ODF (100mg/Kg BW), high cholesterol diet (2% cholesterol+15% soy oil), high cholesterol diet with ODF (2% cholesterol+15% soy oil +100mg/Kg BW). After 12 weeks feeding, food intake, body weight, plasma biochemical parameters, malondiadehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured. Liver histopathological examination were performed after sacrificed, and the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) mRNA espressions of liver were also evaluated. The results showed that the supplementation of ODF could significantly reduce the plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, GOT and MDA and increase the activity of CAT in hyperlipidemia rats (p＜0.05) , whereas the SOD activity did not be affected. The liver of the hypercholesteremia rats presented serious fatty liver, inflammation and swellen status. ODF supplementation significantly decreased the TNF-α but not IL-6 mRNA espressions of liver. In summary, our results showed that the supplementation of ODF could improve the dyslipidemia status of rats, promote the antioxidative defense system, and decreased the mRNA espressions of proinflammatory cytokines of liver.

目錄 頁次

中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅴ
圖目錄 Ⅶ
表目錄 Ⅸ
縮寫表 Ⅹ
第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
第一節 自由基(Free radical)之簡介 3
第二節 高膽固醇血症 6
第三節 粥狀動脈硬化 6
第四節 高膽固醇血症及粥狀動脈硬化與自由基之關係 9
第五節 脂肪肝 10
壹、脂肪肝變性之致病機轉 11
貳、導致NASH之致病機轉 12
肆、臨床症狀及表徵 13
第六節 體內抗氧化系統 14
第七節 仙人掌及其果實簡介 19
壹、抗氧化作用 20
貳、心血管保護作用 22
參、抗發炎、保護神經作用 22
肆、消化系統保護作用 23
伍、抗腫瘤作用 23
第三章 材料與方法 24
第一節 實驗動物 24
第二節 實驗流程與方法 25
壹、動物試驗犧牲與樣品採集及分析 28
貳、血液生化值測定 28
肆、氧化與抗氧化狀態之分析 29
伍、組織病理之評估 40
陸、肝臟組織中細胞激素表現測定 44
第三節 統計分析 51
第四章 結果與討論 52
第一節 體重及飼料攝取量 52
第二節 體內氧化與抗氧化分析 54
壹、紅血球中超氧歧化酶 (Superoxide dismutase, SOD) 之酵素活性 54
貳、紅血球中觸酶 (Catalase)之酵素活性 54
第三節 血液生化值分析 61
壹、血漿中脂質濃度分析 61
貳、肝、腎功能指數 68
第四節 器官重量與組織病理分析 75
壹、器官重量 75
貳、組織病理評估 77
第五節 肝臟免疫狀態分析 89
壹、前發炎激素TNF-αmRNA之表現量 89
貳、前發炎激素IL-6 mRNA之表現量 89
第五章 結論 94
第六章 參考文獻 95

圖目錄 頁次

圖一 粥狀動脈硬化病灶進展過程……………………………………………8
圖二 氧化還原反應…………………………………………………………..18
圖三 仙人掌果中色素甜菜苷(betalain)之化學構造………………………...21
圖四 實驗流程圖……………………………………………………………..27
圖五 丙二醛之形成…………………………………………………………..33
圖六 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間紅血球中超氧歧酶活性之比較……..55
圖七 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間紅血球中觸媒活性之比較…………..56
圖八 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後血漿中脂質過氧化物丙二醛濃度之比較.60
圖九 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間血漿之總膽固醇值…………………..62
圖十 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間血漿之低密度脂蛋白膽固醇值……..64
圖十一 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間血漿之三酸甘油酯值………………..67
圖十二 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間血漿之麩胺酸苯醋酸轉氨基酶值…..70
圖十三 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間血漿麩胺酸丙酮酸轉氨基酶值……..71
圖十四 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間血漿之尿素氮值……………………..73
圖十五 大鼠餵食不同飼料十二週期間血漿之肌酸酐值……………………..74
圖十六 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後心臟及主動脈弓肉眼觀察無明顯病理變化
…………………………………………………………………………..80
圖十七 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後心臟組織無明顯病理變化……………….81
圖十八 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後主動脈弓組織無明顯病理變化………….82
圖十九 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後腎臟肉眼觀察無明顯病理變化………….83
圖二十 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後腎臟組織無明顯病理變化……………….84
圖二十一 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後脾臟肉眼觀察無明顯病理變化………….85
圖二十二 各組大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後肝臟肉眼觀察病理變化…………….86
圖二十三 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後肝臟組織病理變化化…………………….87
圖二十四 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後肝臟組織中腫瘤壞死因子mRNA之表現…
…………………………………………………………………………..92
圖二十五 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後肝臟組織中介白質-6 mRNA之表現…….93

表目錄 頁次

表一 實驗飼料組成…………………………………………………………..26
表二 聚合酶連鎖反應之寡核甘酸引子序列及反應條件…………………..48
表三 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週體重及攝食量之變化……………………….53
表四 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後器官重量之比較………………………….76
表五 大鼠餵食不同飼料12週後肝臟脂肪肝病理評估之比較…………….88

方俊人 (2006)：仙人掌果體外及體內抗氧化與降血脂活性之研究。中山醫學大學生化暨生物科技研究所碩士論文。
卓亭均 (2008)：抗氧化複方對streptozotocin誘發脂糖尿病大鼠致血栓危險性之探討。靜宜大學食品營養學系碩士論文。
林珈汶 (2007)：蔓越莓對第2型糖尿病人血脂及氧化狀態之影響。靜宜大學食品營養學系碩士論文。
林曉佩 (2000)：仙人掌果(Opuntia dillenii)果汁色素化學結構鑑定及安全性之研究。東海大學食品科學研究所。
高美丁 等(2004)《膳食療養學》，華格納，台中市，153-178。
張淑芬 (2006)：澎湖仙人掌果抗氧化性之探討。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系研究所碩士論文。
梁碧純 (2009)：天貝對老化促進小鼠老化現象及免疫機能影響之探討。靜宜大學食品營養學系碩士論文。
譚健民 (2007)：糖尿病性脂肪肝形成的機制—亦談脂肪肝的纖維化。台灣醫界。51：43-36.
Aebi H. Catalase. In ”Methods of Enzymatic Analysis” Bergmeyer, H. U. Ed., Weinhein Deerfield beach. FL: VCH. pp. 1983;673-86.
Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1992;43:83-116.
Assy N, Nassar F, Nasser G, Grosovski M. Olive oil consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:1809-15.
Bowler C, Van MM, Inze D. Superoxide Dismutase abd stree tolerance.
Browning JD, Horton JD Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:147-52.
Bruno RS, Dugan CE, Smyth JA, DiNatale DA, Koo SI. Green tea extract protects leptin-deficient, spontaneously obese mice from hepatic steatosis and injury. J Nutr. 2008;138:323-31.
Butera D, Tesoriere L, Di Gaudio F, Bongiorno A, Allegra M, Pintaudi AM, Kohen R, Livrea MA. Antioxidant Activities of Sicilian Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus indica) Fruit Extracts and Reducing Properties of Its Betalains:Betanin and indicaxanthin. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:6895-901.
Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, et al. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med. 2005;11:183-90.
Cao G, Prior RL, Cutler RG, Yu BP. Effect of dietary restriction on serum antioxidant capacity in rats. Arch Gerontol Griatr. 1997;25:1-7.
Chang SF, Hsieh CL, Yen GC. The protective effect of Opuntia dillenii Haw fruit against low-density lipoprotein peroxidation and its active compounds. Food Chem. 2008;106:569-75.
Chesseman KH, Slater TF. An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Br Med Bull. 1999;49:481-93.
Choi SS, Diehl AM. Hepatic triglyceride synthesis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008; 19: 295-300.
Clark JM, Diehl AM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an underrecognized cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. JAMA 2003;289: 300-4.
Coursin DB, Cihla HP. Pulmonary effects of short term selenium deficiency. Nature 2003;426:905-9.
Covas MI, Nyyssönen K, Poulsen HE, Kaikkonen J, Zunft HJ, Kiesewetter H, Gaddi A, de la Torre R, Mursu J, Bäumler H, Nascetti S, Salonen JT, Fitó M, Virtanen J, Marrugat J, EUROLIVE Study Group. The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145: 333-41.
Coursin DB, Cihla HP. Pulmonary effects of short term selenium deficiency. Thorax 1996;51:479-83.
Crapo JD, Tiererney DF. Superoxide dismutase and pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Am J Physiol. 1974;226:1401-7.
Crespo J., Cayon A., Fernandez-Gil P., Hernandez-Guerra M., Mayorga M., Dominguez-Diez A. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF-receptors, p55 and p75, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Hepatology 2001;34:1158-63.
Dai S., McNeill JH. Ascorbic acid supplementation prevents hyperlipidemia and improves myocardial performance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats Diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.1995;27:11-18.
Day CP, James OFW. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two ‘hits’? Gastroenterology 1998;114: 842-5.
Dok-Go H, Lee KH, Kim HJ, Lee EH, Lee J, Song YS, Lee YH, Jin C, Lee YS & Cho J. Neuroprotective effects of antiozidative flavonoids, quercetin, (+)-dihydroquercetin and quercetin3-methyl ether, isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. Brain Res. 2003;965:130-6.
Duvnjak M, Lerotic I, Barsic N, et al. Pathogenesis and management issues for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 14 2007;13: 4539-50.
Esterbauer H, Waeg G, Puhl H, Dieber-Rotheneder M, Tatzber F. Inhibition of LDL oxidation by antioxidants. EXS. 1992;62:145-57.
Feldstein, A. E., Canbay, A., Angulo, P., Taniai, M., Burgart, L. J., Lindor, K. D., et al. (2003). Hepatocyte apoptosis and fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology, 125(2), 437-443.
Fki I, Bouaziz M, Sahnoun Z, Sayadi S. Hypocholesterolemic effects of phenolic-rich extracts of Chemlali olive cultivar in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. Bioorg Med Chem. 2005;13:5362-70.
Francisco BM, Alicia S, Manuel DL, Francisco R. Lipid peroxidation products in human subretinal fluid. Free Radic Biol Med. 1996;20:899-903.
Galati EM, Mondello MR, Giuffrida D, Dugo G, Miceli N, Pergolizzi S, Taviano MF. Chemical characterization and biological effects of sicilian Opuntia ficus-indica [L.] Mill. Fruit juice: antioxidant and antiulcerogenic activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003;51:4903-8.
Galati EM, Mondello MR, Lauriano ER, Taviano MF, Galluzzo M, Miceli N. Opuntia ficus-indica [L] Mill. fruit juice protects liver from carbon tetrachloride induced injury. Phytother. Res. 2005;19:796-800.
Gurrieri S, Miceli L, Lanza CM, Tomaselli F, Bonomo RP and Rizzarelli E. Chemical characterization of Sicilian prickly pear(Opuntia ficus indica) and perpectives for the stroage of its juice. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:5424-31.
Ha HJ, Kwon YS, Park SM, Shin TK, Park JH, Kim HC, Kwon MS, Wie MB. Quercetin attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation- and excitotoxin-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical cell cultures. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bull. 2003;26:544-9.
Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Hatan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993;342:1007-11.
Ito K, Ozasa H, Noda Y, Koike Y, Arii S, Horikawa S. Effect of non-essential amino acid glycine administration on the liver regeneration of partially hepatectomized rats with hepatic ischemia /reperfusion injury. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:773-80.
Tacob RA, Burri BJ. Oxidative damage and defense. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63:985S-90S.
James OFW, Day CP Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a disease of emerging identity and importance. J Hepatol. 1998;29:495-501.
Janero DR, Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med. 1990;9:515-40.
Jessup W, Rankin SM, De Whalley CV, Hoult JRS, Scott J, Leake DS. Alpha-tocopherol consumption during low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Biochem Journal 1990;265:399-405.
Kagan VE, Serbinova EA, Packer L. Antioxidant effect of uboquinones in microsomes and mitochondria are mediated by tocophe recycling. Biochem Biophys Res Commum. 1990;169:851-7.
Kanner J, Harel S and Granit R. Betalain-a new class of dietary cationized antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49:5178-85.
Kim JH, Park SM, Ha HJ, Moon CJ, Shin TK, Kim JM, Lee NH, Kim HC, Jang KJ, Wie MB. Opuntia ficus-indica attenuates neuronal injury in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;104:257-62.
Kuti, Joseph O. Antioxidant compounds from four Opuntia cactus pear fruit varieties. Food Chem. 2004;85:527-33.
Lampe JW. Health effects of vegetables and fruit: assessing mechanisms of action in human experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70: 475-90
Letteron P, Fromenty B, Terris B, Degott C, Pessayre D. Acute and chronic hepatic steatosis lead to in vivo lipid peroxydation in mice. J Hepatol 1996;24:200-208.
Li X, Li C, Ji X, Song Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Huang-Lian- Jie-Du-Tang inhibits myocardial remodeling in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;119:259-65.
Li Z, Min Jb, Xiao-sheng H, Jian-hua Z. Homocysteine stimulates nuclear factor κB activity and interleukin-6 expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006;30:592-7.
Loro JF, Del Rio I. Preliminary studies of analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Opuntia dillenii aqueous extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;67:213-8
Madan K, Bhardwaj P, Thareja S, Gupta SD, Saraya A. Oxidant stress and antioxidant status among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006; 40:930-5.
Marklund SL, Westman NG, Lundgren E, Roos G. Copper- and zinccontaining superoxide dismutase, manganese-containing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in normal and neoplastic human cell lines and normal human tissues. Cancer Res. 1982;42:1955–61.
Markus R. Moßhammer, Florian C. Stintzing, Reinhold C. Cactus Pear Fruits (Opuntia spp.): A Review of Processing Technologies and Current Uses. J PACD. 2006;28:1-25.
Montilla P, Espejo I, Muñoz MC, Bujalance I, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Tunez I. Protective effect of red wine on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain and kidney induced by feeding high cholesterol in rats. Clin Nutr. 2006;25: 146-53.
Naissides M, Mamo JC, James AP, Pal S. The effect of chronic consumption of red wine on cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis. 2006;185:438-45.
Niki E. Free radical pathology and antioxidants: overview. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1992;538-40.
Oliveira CP, Gayotto LC, Tatai C, Della Nina BI, Lima ES, Abdalla DS, Lopasso FP, Laurindo FR, Carrilho FJ. Vitamin C and vitamin E in prevention of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in choline deficient diet fed rats. Nutr J. 2003;2:9.
Park E, Giacca A. Mechanisms underlying fat-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Future Lipidol. 2007;2:503-12.
Paschos P, Paletas K. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hippokratia. 2009;13:9-19.
Postic C, Girard J. Contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: lessons from genetically engineered mice. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:829-38.
Qiu Y, Chen Y, Pei Y, Matsuda H and Yoshikawa M. Constituents with radical scavenging effect from Opuntia dillenii: Structures of new α-pyrones and flavonol glycoside. Chem Pharm Bull. 2002;50:1507-10
Regnstrom J, Nilsson J. Lipid oxidation and inflammation-induced intimal fibrosis in Coronary heart disease. J Lab Clin Med. 1994;124:162-8.
Rosenfeld ME, Palinski W, Yla-Herttuala S, Butler S, Witztum JL. Distribution of oxidation specific lipid-protein adducts and apolipoprotein b in atherosclerotic lesions of varying severity from WHHL rabbits. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:336-49.
Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1183-92.
Scandalios JG. Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutase. Plant Physiol. 1993; 101:7-12.
Schaffner F, Thaler H: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Prog Liver Dis. 1986;8:283-98.
Scoott MG. The role of cholesterol management in coronary disease risk reduction in elderly patients. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1998;23:655-75.
Serrano-Martinez M, Palacios M, Martinez-Losa E, Lezaun R, Maravi C, Prado M, Martínez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. A Mediterranean dietary style influences TNF-alpha and VCAM-1 coronary blood levels in unstable angina patients. Eur J Nutr. 2005;44: 348-54.
Shackelford C, Long G, Wolf J, Okerberg C, Herbert R. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of nonneoplastic lesions in toxicology studies. Toxicol Pathol. 2002;30:93-6.
Shull S, Heintz NH, Periasamy M, Manohar M, Janssen YM, Marsh JP, Mossman BT. J Biol Chem. 1991;266:24398-403.
Sies H, Stahl W. Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other caortenoids as antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:1315S-21S.
Smith P, Krohn RI, Hermanson GT, Mallia AK, Gartner FH, Prorenzano MD, Fujimoto EK, Goeke NM, Olson BT, Klenk DC. Measurement of protein using bicinchonic acid. Anal Biochem. 1985;15: 76-85.
Son IS, Kim JH, Sohn HY, Son KH, Kim JS, Kwon CS. Antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects of diosgenin, a steroidal saponin of yam (Dioscorea spp.), on high-cholesterol fed rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007;71:3063-71.
Stehbens WE. The oxidative stree hypothesis of atherosclerosis : cause or product? Med Hypotheses 1999;53:507-15.
Steinbrecher UP, Zhang H, Lougheed, M. Role of oxidatively modified LDL in atherosclerosis. Free Rad Biol Med. 1990;9:155-68.
Steller H. Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science 1995;267: 1445-1448.
Stintzing FC, Herbach KM, Mosshammer MR, Carle R, Yi W, Sellappan S, Akoh CC, Bunch R, Felker P. Color, betalain pattern, and antioxidant properties of cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) clones. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;26:53:442-51.
Tatum VL, Changchit C, Chow CK. Measurement of malondialdehyde by highperformance lipid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Lipids 1990;25:226-9.
Tesoriere L, Butera D, Allegra M, Fazzari M, Livrea MA Distribution of betalain pigments in red blood cells after consumption of cactus pear fruits and increased resistance of the cells to ex vivo induced oxidative hoemolysis in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;23;53:1266-70.
Tesoriere L, Butera D, D’Arpa D, Di Gaudio F, Allegra M, Gentile C, Livrea MA. Increased resistance to oxidation of betalain-enriched human low density lipoproteins. Free Radic Res. 2003;37: 689-96
Tesoriere L., Allegra M., Butera D., Livrea MA. Absorption, excretion, and distribution in low density lipoproteins of dietary antioxidant betalains. Potential health effects of betalains in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:941-945.
Tesoriere L., Butera D., Pintaudi AM., Allegra M., Livrea MA. Supplementation with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruits decreases oxidative stress in healthy humans. A comparative study with vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:391-395.
Vazquez-Ramirez R, Olguin-Martinez M, Kubli-Garfias C, Hernandez-Munoz R. Reversing gastric mucosal alterations during ethanol-induced chronic gastritis inrats by oral administration of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:4318-24.
Walling C. In oxidase and realated redox systems. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1982;85-97.
Wei Y, Rector RS, Thyfault JP, Ibdah JA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mitochondrial dysfunction. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14: 193-9.
Willingham AK., Bolanos C., Bohannan E, Cenedella RJ. The effects of high levels of vitamin E on the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. J Nutr Biochem. 1993;4:651-4.
Witztum JL. The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1994; 34:793-795.
Zawadzka-Bartczak E. Activities of red blood cell anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD, GPx) and total anti-oxidative capacity of serum (TAS) in men with coronary atherosclerosis and in healthy pilots. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11:440-4.
Zou DM, Brewer M, Garcia F, Feugang JM, Wang J, Zang R, Liu H, Zou C. Cactus pear: a natural product in cancer chemoprevention. Nutr J. 2005;4:25-36.