臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

氣候變遷與全球暖化溫室效應已經成為全球矚目之重要議題，隨著國際貿易和航運業的蓬勃發展, 國際海事組織(IMO)針對船舶排放的有害氣體和能源問題的條約規範也不斷增加，節能減排和低碳環保已經成為航運業必須認真面對和解決的現實問題。我國雖非「京都議定書」的成員國，但船東仍有義務共同來對抗全球暖化，善盡溫室氣體減量排放的責任。隨著全球環境污染日益惡化、能源短缺日趨嚴重，節能減排和替代能源技術的研發也成為各類領域努力發展的一項重要研究目標。本文探討貨櫃船隊的節能技術與策略，主要根據IMO國際法規有關節能減排的規範，並綜合船舶管理體系作為依據，針對船舶柴油引擎的技術改良及船體外形結構的優化設計，有效發揮綠色環保的觀念，達到節省燃油使用、
降低溫室效應與其他污染物質排放，達到保護地球生態環境等目標。本研究使用專家問卷調查法的方式，針對將來2020年受到IMO全世界強制使用低硫(S< 0.5%)油的影響，及未來船用燃料價格的趨勢變化對船東營運成本的負面影響等重要議題作調查。研究結果顯示絕大多數現有超大型貨櫃船船東均選擇加裝Scrubber為主，而一些近洋航線的小型貨櫃船一般均選擇不加裝scrubber，當2020年到來時，都以使用LSFO (low sulphur fuel oil)或low sulphur (S< 0.5%) hybrid blending oil來因應。因此本研究成果可作為商船尤其是貨櫃船隊因應全球的節能減碳需求與符合IMO國際海事組織所制定環保法規的重要參考依據。

Climate change and global warming due to the greenhouse effect haves become important issues in the world, accompanying with the vigorous development of international trade and shipping industry. The regulations enforced by International Maritime Organization (IMO) on harmful gas and energy emissions from ships are also requiring emission reduction and low-carbon environmental protection which the shipping industry must seriously face and solve. Although our country is not a member of IMO, ship-owners still have the obligation to jointly fight against global warming and to fulfill their responsibility for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. With the deteriorating global environmental by air pollution and the growing shortage of energy, the research and development for energy-saving emission reduction and alternative energy technologies are currently significant research issues in various fields. The energy-saving technologies and strategies of container fleets mainly based on the IMO international regulations for a comprehensive ship management system is investigated in this study. The effective performance improvement of marine diesel engine, optimal design of the hull shape structure, effectively develop the concept of green environmental protection, fuel saving use, greenhouse gases and other pollutant emissions were involved, to achieve the goals for protecting the earth's ecological environment. An expert questionnaire approach to address the important issues such as the impact of the mandatory use of ultra-low sulphur oil (S<0.5%) by IMO strong directive executed in the near 2020 and the negative impact of increasing marine fuel prices on the operating costs of ship-owners. The results of the study showed that the vast majority of owners of existing super-large container ships chose scrubber as the main option, while some owners of small container vessels near coastal navigation, generally chose not to install scrubbers, but use LSFO (Low Sulphur fuel oil ) or low Sulphur (S<0.5%) hybrid blending oil instead. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as an important reference for merchant ships, especially container fleets, in response to the global demand for energy-saving and carbon reduction and compliance with the environmental protection formulated by IMO.

目錄
摘要……………………………………………………………………………………I
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..II
目錄……………………………………………………………………………..……III
圖目錄………………………………………………………...………………………V
表目錄…………………………………………………………………...…………VIII
第一章 前言……………………………………………………………..……………1
1.1 研究背景………………………………………………………………..………...1
1.2 研究動機…………………………………………………………..….…………..2
1.3 研究目的……………………………………………………………..…………...4
1.4 研究範圍與限制………………………………………………………..………...4
第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………………………………..6
2.1 貨櫃航運產業特性……………………………………………………….............6
2.2 船舶能源消耗對地球環境的影響…………………………………………….....7
2.3 公約對船舶節能減碳的要求………………………………………………….....7
2.4 碳稅和碳權分配問題………………………………………………………….....8
2.4.1 法規基礎……………………………………………………………………..…9
2.4.2 辦法和協商……………………………………………………………………10
第三章 船舶對於節能減碳適用技術的應用和改良………………………………11
3.1 柴油機節能及防止污染之對策……………………………………………….11
3.1.1 節能設施與設計………………………………………………………………11
3.1.2 採用低速航行及局部停用主機渦輪增壓機降低油耗技術的應用…………12
3.1.3 Slide type fuel valve節能油頭的設計和應用………………………………19
3.1.4 Eco-nozzle的應用技術和節油效益………………………………………...28
3.1.5 Eco-cam節能凸輪的應用技術和節油效益………………………………...29
3.1.6 Engine De-rating主機降速設計……..………………………………..……..31
3.1.7 主機冷卻海水泵馬達變頻系統……………………………………….…….34
3.1.8 Main engine PMI-VIT主機最大壓力監控與自動調整...…….……….……41
3.2 從船體設計上的節能設計……………………………………………….........43
3.2.1船尾Hull Energy saving Fitting 船尾節能翼………………………….….….44
3.2.2 船頭球鼻首改良Seaworthy Bow……………………………………………44
3.2.3 節能油漆的應用和評估Low Friction Shell Coating……………………………………52
3.2.4 船艏節能覆蓋的設計…………………………………………………………60
3.3 船舶節能減碳應用技術的整體的評估………………………………………...61
第四章船隊因應國際排氣污染法規的防制技術…………………………………63
4.1 國際法規要求與適用範圍……………………………………………………...63
4.1.1 船舶溫室氣體減排初始戰略……...………………………………………….63
4.1.2 IMO國際海事組織針對EEDI 採取的短、中、長期戰略………………...64
4.2 CO2 排放之法規要求與適用範圍……………………………….…………...65
4.3 NOx排放之法規要求與適用範圍…………………………………..………..65
4.3.1 NOx的形成途徑與因素………………………………………………………65
4.3.2 NOx排放標準與防制…………………………………………………………66
4.3.3 去除氮氧化物設備和安裝成本估算…………………………………………67
4.4 SOx 排放之法規要求與適用範圍……………………………………………73
4.4.1 SOx排放標準………………………………………………………………...73
4.4.2 SOx 防制技術與節能裝置……………………………………………………74
4.4.3 除硫設備的安裝和成本………………………………………………………76
第五章 問卷調查方法與分析………………………………………………………80
5.1 問卷背景說明……………………………………………………………...........80
5.2 受訪專家…………………………………………………………...……………83
5.3 問卷結果分析…………………………………………………………………...85
5.4 問卷結果討論………………………………………………..………………….90
第六章 船隊因應對策與展望……………………………………………..………..92
6.1 船舶節能減排政策對船東的衝擊……………………………………..……….92
6.2 船東成本增加的問題………………………………………...……..…..………93
6.3 展望未來……………………………………………...…………………..……..94
第七章 結論與建議………………………………………………………..………..96
7.1 結論……………………………………………………………………..……….96
7.2 未來研究建議……………………………………………………………..…….97
參考文獻………………………………………………………………………..……98
附錄一 Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), 70th session………101
附錄二 T/C Cut-Off 操作細節……………………………………………………107
附錄三 問卷調查…………………………………………….…………………….108
附錄四 除硫設備廠商報價單……………………………………………………..111

[1] 郝金鳳，強兆新，石俊令，索雙武，肖麗娜，船舶設計節能減排技術策略， 艦船科學技術，第34 卷第9 期，2012
[2] American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), IMO Regulation and initiatives impacting containerships, Technical Workshop for Wan-Hai Shipping Inc., http://www.eagle.org/, ABS, Houston, Texas, USA, May 2016.
[3] Bureau Veritas (BV), LNG as Fuel, Technical Workshop for Wan-Hai Shipping Inc., BV 臺灣分公司, http://www.bureauveritas.com.tw/, March 2014.
[4] JOC Group, Alphaliner's Top 20 Global Container Fleet Operators, http://www.alphaliner.com, accessed on 20 April 2018.
[5] The European Commission, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1927, L299/1, Official Journal of the European Union, European Union, November 2016.
[6] The European Commission, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/2072, L320/5, Official Journal of the European Union, European Union, September 2016.
[7] The European Commission, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/2071, L320/1, Official Journal of the European Union, European Union, September 2016.
[8] The European Commission, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/1927, L299/1, Official Journal of the European Union, European Union, November 2016.
[9] The European Commission, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/1928, L299/22, Official Journal of the European Union, European Union, November 2016.
[10] P. M. Pruzan-Jorgensen, A. Farrag, 集裝箱運輸行業的可持續發展趨勢-未來研究趨勢研究概覽,BSR Report,http://www.bsr.org.September 2010.
[11] MAN Diesel & Turbo SE, Turbocharger Cut-out System, Technical Report of Man PrimeServ, 2010, MAN Diesel & Turbo SE, Augsburg, Germany, 2010.
[12] Diesel Engine Business Unit, Slide type fuel valve, Technical Report, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2011.
[13] Diesel Technical Investigation Group, Slow Steaming, Technical Report, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., December 2009.
[14] MAN PrimeServ, Slide Fuel Valve Retrofit solution,Technical Report, MAN Diesel & Turbo Ltd., July 2010.
[15] MAN PrimeServ, 2-stroke Retrofit & Upgrades, Technical Report, MAN Diesel
99
& Turbo Ltd., 2015.
[16] W. J Li, Generation X Engines, Winterthur Gas & Diesel Ltd., https://www.wingd.com/en/engines/, accessed on 5 June 2018.
[17] MAN PrimeServ, De-Rating Example: 2,800 TEU Container Vessel, Technical Report, MAN Diesel & Turbo Inc., January 2013.
[18] 游連武，船舶主海水冷卻泵節能控制應用，工務部技術研討會，萬海航運公司，April 2014.
[19] 陳清金，船舶電力干擾與改善，智慧船舶機電節能技術成果發表會，December 2014.
[20] MAN PrimeServ, Engine & Propulsion Efficiency - How Being in Tune can reduce fuel consumption, Technical Report, MAN Diesel & Turbo Inc., August 2013.
[21] Y. B. Choi, Energy Saving Devices, Technical Report, The House of Wisdom & Innovation, November 2008.
[22] Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., High performance hull form- SEA-Arrow (Sharp Entrance Angle bow as an Arrow), Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., http://global.kawasaki.com/en/mobility/marine/technology/full_form.html, accessed on 7 June 2018.
[23] American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), Optimization of Air Resistance on Container Vessels, White Paper for Wan-Hai Lines, ABS, April 2016.
[24] DNV GL- Maritime, The IMO Adopts Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy, Technical & Regulatory News, No. 05/2018, DNV GL- Maritime, Hamburg, Germany, April 2018.
[25] A. Ishihara, EEDI Review for Phase 2 under Regulation 21.6 of MARPOL Annex VI, Japan Ship Technology Research Association (JSTRA), https://www.jstra.jp/html/PDF/ws20150722_2.pdf, accessed on 7 June 2018.
[26] Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., Kawasaki- Eco System (K-ECOS), Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., https://global.kawasaki.com/en/scope/pdf_e/scope110_01.pdf, accessed on 7 June 2018.
[27] M. Chuang, Introduction to Total Lubmarine, 2017 Wan-Hai Training Workshop, 13th April 2017.
[28] N.B. Clausen, Tier III NOx Emission Reduction Technologies- EGR and SCR, Technical Workshop for Wan-Hai Line, MAN Diesel & Turbo Ltd., October 2015.
[29] G. Drossos, Emission Rules NOx, SOx& CO2, MAN Diesel & Turbo - 2-st Technical & Market Seminar, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece, 25
100
November 2015
[30] Wan Hai Lines Ltd., SOx Scrubber for 0.1 ~ 0.5 % Low Sulfur Emission from 2020, Interior Technical Meeting, Wan Hai Lines Ltd., June 2016.
[31] Innospec Inc., 2020 Sulphur Cap Unstable HFO/ULSFO- Issue with IMO, https://www.innospecinc.com/images/marine-fuel-specialties/Innospec-Marine_Newsletter-Autumn_2016.pdf, Innospec Inc., Englewood, Colorado, USA, accessed on 7 June 2018.
[32] K. Bogden, G. F. Greenstein, R. Joswick, IMO Decides on 2020 Implementation for 0.5 % Global Bunker Sulfur Spec- Will Change Refinery Operations, Trade, and Price, Current News & Analysis, Global Oil Inc., October 28 2016.