臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

電力系統在正常運轉時，常常會因不穩定之暫態現象導致系統出現過電壓之情形，而其中又以鐵磁共振現象所帶給電力設備之危害較為嚴重。鐵磁共振是一種複雜性高且難以預知之暫態現象，常被相關運轉人員及維護人員忽略。本研究應用小波轉換來分析鐵磁共振現象，並發展出一套將電壓經由小波分析後之高頻成分找出適當之能量門檻值，且僅需三個週期之短暫時間即可偵測系統有無發生鐵磁共振現象之演算法。最後利用Matlab/Simulink建立超高壓變電所之降壓變壓器、發電廠之升壓變壓器及一次變電所之比壓器等三種範例系統來驗證其鐵磁共振偵測演算法之可靠度，並模擬智慧型電子裝置(Intelligent Electronic Device, IED)具有其演算法。經由模擬結果可得當系統發生鐵磁共振時，三個週期後IED即發出跳脫信號至斷路器，使斷路器進行跳脫之動作。另外，此演算法亦不會因系統電源含有諧波成分或一般系統之正常開關切換等暫態現象導致偵測錯誤。

In power system operation, unstable transient phenomena can cause overvoltage circumstances. Among these transient phenomena, ferroresonance is the most severe one that harms power equipments. The operation and maintenance people usually do not know or ignore it because that is a little bit complicated and hard to predict. This thesis mainly applied wavelet transform to analyze ferroresonance phenomena. The algorithm is developed and based on the high frequency voltage component of wavelet analysis. Furthermore, the threshold energy is further calculated in order to identify the ferroresonance transient as soon as possible. Finally, three example systems, including the step-down transformer in Extra High Voltage (EHV) substation, the step-up transformer in power plant and the Potential Transformer (PT) in Primary Substation (P/S), are established to verify the validity of algorithms by Matlab/Simulink. It is found that in case of the Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) embedded with the proposed algorithm, the IED can exactly sent a tripping signal to circuit breaker within three cycles once the ferroresonance phenomenon was detected. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can differentiated the transients other than ferroresonance such as harmonics or normal switching transients to avoid the mistripping of the IED.

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目錄 VII
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究方法 1
1.3 文獻回顧 2
1.4 論文內容架構 4
第二章 鐵磁共振之簡介 5
2.1 前言 5
2.2 鐵心元件之飽和特性 5
2.3 鐵磁共振基本觀念 6
2.3.1 鐵磁共振之條件 7
2.3.2 鐵磁共振之振盪模式 7
2.3.3 系統相關參數變化對鐵磁共振之影響 9
2.3.3.1 電源電壓變化對鐵磁共振之影響 11
2.3.3.2 電源頻率變化對鐵磁共振之影響 12
2.3.3.3 電容變化對鐵磁共振之影響 13
2.3.4 鐵磁共振之徵兆與預防方式 15
2.4 鐵磁共振電路分析 16
2.4.1 三相不平衡共振電路 16
2.4.2 三相平衡共振電路 19
2.4.2.1 斷路器主接點並接極間電容 19
2.4.2.2 雙迴路耦合鐵磁共振電路 20
2.5 國內外鐵磁共振事故探討 20
2.6 本章小結 24
第三章 小波轉換之應用 25
3.1 前言 25
3.2 小波轉換 25
3.2.1 小波轉換的由來 25
3.2.2 小波轉換的定義及特點 27
3.2.3 小波轉換的種類 29
3.2.3.1 連續小波轉換(CWT) 30
3.2.3.2 離散小波轉換(DWT) 30
3.2.4 常見的小波函數 32
3.3 小波轉換應用至鐵磁共振偵測之可行性分析 35
3.4 本章小結 39
第四章 智慧型電子裝置(IED)之應用 41
4.1 前言 41
4.2 IED簡介 41
4.2.1 中央處理器(CPU) 42
4.2.2 記憶體裝置 43
4.2.3 通訊元件 43
4.2.4 電源供應元件 44
4.2.5 交流電力輸入元件 46
4.2.6 數位輸入元件 46
4.2.7 類比/數位轉換元件 46
4.2.8 控制輸出元件 46
4.3 IED之工作原理與功能 47
4.3.1 IED之工作原理 48
4.3.2 IED之功能 48
4.4 IED整合至監控(SCADA)系統 52
4.5 IED應用至鐵磁共振保護之可行性分析 54
4.6 本章小結 55
第五章 鐵磁共振之模擬分析 57
5.1 前言 57
5.2 超高壓變電所之降壓變壓器 57
5.2.1 應用小波轉換於降壓變壓器之鐵磁共振偵測 60
5.2.2 應用IED於降壓變壓器之鐵磁共振保護 68
5.3 發電廠之升壓變壓器 81
5.3.1 應用小波轉換於升壓變壓器之鐵磁共振偵測 86
5.3.2 應用IED於升壓變壓器之鐵磁共振保護 88
5.4 一次變電所之比壓器 88
5.4.1 應用小波轉換於比壓器之鐵磁共振偵測 90
5.4.2 應用IED於比壓器之鐵磁共振保護 91
5.5 本章小結 95
第六章 結論與未來研究方向 97
6.1 結論 97
6.2 未來研究方向 98
參考文獻 99

[1] A. I. Ibrahim, “A Novel Approach for the Analysis of Power Systems Transients,” Proc. of The 10th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Vol. 1. 14-17, pp. 368-371, December 2003.
[2] I. Daubechies, “The Wavelet Transform, Time-frequency Localization and Signal Analysis,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 961-1005, September 1990.
[3] J. A. Martinez and B. A. Mork, “Transformer Modeling for Low- and Mid-frequency Transients - A Review,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 1625-1632, April 2005.
[4] Boucherot, “Existence de Deux R’egimes en Ferroresonance,” Rev. Gen. de L’Elec., Vol. 8, No. 24, pp. 827-828, December 1920.
[5] R. Rudenberg, Transient Performance of Electric Power Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, ch. 48, 1950.
[6] C. Hayashi, Nonlinear Oscillations in Physical Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.
[7] J. G. Frame, N. Mohan and T. Liu, “Hysteresis Modeling in an Electromagnetic Transients Program,” IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-101, No. 9, pp. 3403-3411, September 1982.
[8] R. A. Walling, K. D. Barker, T. M. Compton and E. Zimmerman, “Ferroresonant Overvoltage in Grounded Wye-wye Padmount Transformers with Low-loss Silicon-steel Cores,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1647-1660, July 1993.
[9] R. H. Hopkinson, “Ferroresonance during Single-phase Switching of 3-phase Distribution Transformer Bank,” IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-84, No. 4, pp. 289-293, April 1965.
[10] D. R. Smith, S. R. Swanson and J. D. Borst, “Overvoltage with Remotely-switched Cable-fed Grounded Wye-wye Transformers,” IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-94, No. 5, pp. 1843-1853, September/Octorber 1975.
[11] B. A. Mork and D. L. Stuehm, “Application of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos to Ferroresonance in Distribution Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 1009-1017, April 1994.
[12] S. Jazebi, A. Farazmand, B. P. Murali, F. de Leon, “A Comparative Study on π and T Equivalent Models for the Analysis of Transformer Ferroresonance,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 526-528, January 2013.
[13] Wang Chunbao, Tian Lijun and Qin Yinglin, “A Study on Factors Influencing Ferroresonance in Distribution System,” Proc. of The 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, pp. 583-588, July 2011.
[14] M. Roy and C. K. Roy, “A Study on Ferroresonance and Its Depedence on Instant of Switching Angle of the Source Voltage,” Proc. of The 3rd International Conference on Power Systems, pp. 1-6, December 2009.
[15] V. Valverde, G. Buigues, E. Fernandez, A. J. Mazon and I. Zamora, “Behavioral Patterns in Voltage Transformer for Ferroresonance Detection,” Proc. of The 16th IEEE Mediterranean Conference on Electrotechnical, pp. 772-775, March 2012.
[16] Zhang Bo and Lu Tiecheng, “On the Use of Wavelet Decomposition for Ferroresonance Detection in Power System,” Proc. Conference on Power and Energy Engineering, pp. 1-4, March 2009.
[17] G. Mokryani and M.-R. Haghifam, “Application of Wavelet Transform and MLP Neural Network for Ferroresonance Identification,” Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp. 1-6, July 2008.
[18] S. Beheshtaein, “Application of Wavelet-base Method and DT in Detection of Ferroresonance from Other Transient Phenomena,” Proc. International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications, pp. 1-7, July 2012.
[19] P. Marjan and A. Enrique, “Overvoltages due to Switching off an Unloaded Transformer with a Vacuum Circuit Breaker,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 1317-1326, Octorber 1999.
[20] L. A. Neves and W. Dommel, “On Modeling Iron Core Nonlinearities,” IEEE Trans. on Power System, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 417-425, May 1993.
[21] 鄭強、范振理、朱記民、蕭弘清，「161 kV匯流排比壓器故障分析」，中華民國第三十一屆電力工程研討會，民國九十九年。
[22] C. Corporation, “Technical Bulletin - 004a Ferroresonance”, May 2002.
[23] 楊天皓，「電力開關場之鐵磁共振與開關突波分析」，碩士論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，民國九十七年。
[24] P. Ferraci, “Ferroresonance,” Group Schneider Cahier Technique Series, No. 190, May 1998, http://www.schneider-electric.com.
[25] J. R. Marti and A. C. Soudack, “Ferroresonance in Power Systems: Fundamental Solutions,” Proc.-C of IEE Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 138, No. 4, pp. 321-329, July 1991.
[26] 寧家慶，「電力系統非線性共振之研究」，博士論文，中央大學電機工程系，民國九十四年。
[27] D. A. N. Jacobson, “Examples of Ferroresonance in a High Voltage Power System,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Vol.2, pp.,1212, July 2003.
[28] B. Tanggawelu, R. N. Mukerjee and A. E. Ariffin, “Ferroresonance Studies in Malaysian Utility's Distribution Network,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Vol. 2, pp., 1219, July 2003.
[29] L. Yunge, S. Wei, Q. Rui and Y. Yang, “A Systematical Method for Suppressing Ferroresonance at Neutral-grounded Substations,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 1009-1014, July 2003.
[30] M. Graovac, R. Iravani, W. Xiaolin and R. D. McTaggart, “Fast Ferroresonance Suppression of Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 158-163, January 2003.
[31] R. Aghazadeh and M. Sanaye-Pasand, “Damping of Capacitive Voltage Substations Ferroresonance using a Suitable RLC Filter,” Proc.- of IEE Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 151, No. 6, pp. 721-727, November 2004.
[32] H. Robert and N. Nichols, “Avoiding Potential Transformer Ferroresonant Problems in Industrial Power Systems,” Proc. of Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, pp. 61-68, May 1989.
[33] M. P. Ommen and J. L. Kohler, “Effect of Three-winding Models on the Analysis and Protection of Mine Power Systems,” IEEE Industrial Applications Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 3, pp. 2429-2435, Octorber 1993.
[34] T. Henriksen, “How to Avoid Unstable Time Domain Responses Caused by Transformer Models,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 516-522, April 2002.
[35] J. Horak, “A Review of Ferroresonance,” Proc. of Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, pp. 1-29, April 2004.
[36] R. Zhang, S. P. Ang, H, Li and Z. Wang, “Complexity of Ferroresonance Phenomena: Sensitivity Studies from a Single-phase System to Three-phase Reality,” Proc. International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application, pp. 172-175, Octorber 2010.
[37] Z. Emin, B. A. T. Al Zahawi and Y. K. Tong, “Voltage Transformer Ferroresonance in 275 kV Substation,” Proc. of The 7th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 467, pp.283-286, August 1999.
[38] D. A. N. Jacobson, D. R. Swatek and R. W. Mazur, “Mitigating Potential Transformer Ferroresonance in a 230 kV Converter Station," Proc. of IEEE Conference on Transmission and Distribution, pp. 269-275, September 1996.
[39] 張晉嘉，「台南科學園區345 kV系統鐵磁共振現象之研究」，碩士論文，成功大學電機工程學系，民國九十五年。
[40] 陳聰榮，「變壓器鐵磁共振之分析與模擬」，碩士論文，逢甲大學電機工程學系，民國九十二年。
[41] Atomic Energy Council, “The Station Blackout Incident of the Maanshan NPP Unit 1,” Taiwan R. O. C., April 2001.
[42] 核三廠事故安全調查團，「核三廠3A事故調查報告」，民國九十年。
[43] 曹大鵬、寧家慶，「核三廠電力系統線路共振與318事故模擬分析研究完成報告」，民國九十二年。
[44] 盧光常、黃思倫，「麥寮發電廠主變壓器事故原因調查及改善對策之研究」，研究報告，民國九十四年。
[45] J. D. Bronfeld, “Ferroresonant Overvoltages Associated with Utility Interconnection of Independent Power Producers,” IEE Southern Tier Technical Conference, pp. 22-33, October 1988.
[46] D. R. Sevcil and C. W. Fromen, “HL&P CO. Experiences with Ferroresonance Problems on EHV Equipment,” Houston Lighting & Power Company, Alington Texas, September 1980.
[47] 梁望霖、劉力，「河池供電局錫山變10 kV系統電壓互感器多次燒壞事故的分析和仿真計算」，廣西電力期刊，2004年第4期。
[48] 魯順、田放、金曉明，「虎高線鐵磁諧振分析」，東北電力技術期刊，2003年第9期。
[49] A. Haar, “Theorie der Orthogonalen Funkionen-systeme,” Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 69, pp. 331-371, 1910.
[50] A. Grossmann and J. Morlet, “Decomposition of Hardy function into Square Integrable Wavelets of Constant Shape,” SIAM J. Math. Anal., Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 736-783, 1984.
[51] 楊明達，「應用小波轉換及神經網路於配電線路高阻抗故障偵測之研究」，博士論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，民國九十五年。
[52] C. S. Burrus, R. A. Gopinath and H. Guo, Filter Banks and The Discrete Wavelet Transform, Introduction to Wavelet and Wavelet Transforms: A Primer, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1998.
[53] 王意如，「小波轉換應用於光纖感測之研究」，碩士論文，中央大學電機工程系，民國九十五年。
[54] 黃烟宏，「連續小波轉換應用於基樁完整性檢測之研究」，碩士論文，成功大學土木工程系，民國九十五年。
[55] 施有為，「電力監控系統與資訊末端設備之演進」，電機月刊第九卷第八期，第156~162頁，民國八十八年。
[56] 郭明錫，「電力自動化的架構與通訊協定」，電機月刊第九卷第十一期，第151~156業，民國八十八年。
[57] 林志銘，「三相不平衡閉環路配電系統接地故障保護策略之研究」，碩士論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，民國九十四年。
[58] 黃彥霖，「應用以IEC 61850為基礎之IED於智慧型電網之保護」，碩士論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，民國一百年。
[59] 林震邦，「IEC 61850通訊協定應用於變電所自動化技術」，台灣電力公司研究報告，民國九十七年。
[60] http://www.energy.siemens.com/entry/energy/hq/en
[61] http://www.abb.com/
[62] 劉純貴，「整合智慧型電子裝置(IED)及監控系統於斷路器之裕知性維護」，碩士論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，民國一百零一年。
[63] Pei-Ying Guo, Cheng-Zhe Li, Shuai Yan, Jun Liangcheng and Jing-Yi Zhang, “Application of Wavelet Transform in Ferroresonance Detection,” Proc. of The 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce, pp. 3800-3803, August 2011.
[64] SEL-351A, -1 Relay Distribution Protection System Instruction Manual, February 2008.
[65] GE Multilin 750/760 Feeder Management Relay Instruction Manual, 2011.
[66] GE Multilin F650 Digital Bay Controller Instructions Manual, 2010.
[67] AREVA MiCOM P141, P142, P143, P144 & P145 Feeder Management Relay Technical Manual, 2009.
[68] Siemens SIPROTEC Multi-functional Protective Relay with Local Control 7SJ62/64, September 2009.
[69] Feeder Terminal REF 54_ Technical Refence Manual, General, ABB, August 2005.
[70] Protection and Control 630 Series Technical Manual, ABB, May 2011.
[71] J. Barros, M. De Apraiz, R. I. Diego, “Measurement of Subharmonics in Power Voltages,” Proc. of IEEE Conference on Power Tech, pp. 1736-1740, July 2007.
[72] M. di Bernardo, F. Garofalo, L. Glielmo, F. Vasca, “Quasi-periodic Behaviors in DC/DC Converters,” Proc. of The 27th IEEE Specialists Conference on Power Electronics, Vol. 2, pp. 1376-1381, Junuary 1996.
[73] E. H. Cayo and S.C. A. Alfaro, “Welding Stability Assessment in the GMAW-S Process Based on Fuzzy Logic by Acoustic Sensing from Arc Emissions,” Journal of Achievements in Materails and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 1, November 2012.
[74] Fenghua Wang, Zhijian Jin and Zishu Zhu, “Modeling and Prediction of Electric Arc Furnace Based on Neural Network and Chaos Theory,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3498, pp. 819-826, 2005.
[75] 吳清科，「複循環機組維修計畫之訂定及離線清洗效益的評估」，碩士論文，台灣科技大學機械工程系，民國九十八年。
[76] K.-H. Tseng and P.-Y. Cheng, “Mitigating 161 kV Electromagnetic Potential Transformers' Ferroresonance with Damping Reactors in a Gas-insulated Switchgear,” IET on Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 479-488, April 2011.
[77] 楊文隆，「161 kV氣體絶緣開關裝置之比壓器暫態響應分析及改善」，博士論文，台灣科技大學電機工程系，民國九十七年。