臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以實驗方式探討冷媒流量或熱通量週期性振盪對流動沸騰熱傳(含飽和、次冷流動沸騰及蒸發熱傳)及相關氣泡特徵和蒸發流譜之影響。以環保冷媒R-134a為工作流體流入一水平狹窄雙套管之測試段，並流道之間隙由1.0至5.0mm。測試段則由玻璃外管及加熱內銅管組成來量測熱傳係數及流場觀測。一電橋式加熱棒置於銅管內部提供熱通量加熱狹窄流道內流動之冷媒。
首先第一部分，提出冷媒R-134a在冷媒流量週期性振盪對飽和、次冷流動沸騰及蒸發熱傳之測試結果。從所量測之實驗結果發現，當所施加之熱通量接近穩態流動沸騰成核所需的起始熱通量時，會有間歇性流動沸騰現象產生。而在次冷流動沸騰下，間歇性流動沸騰現象會發生的實驗參數範圍則是更小。隨著增加所施加之熱通量，則會由間歇性流動沸騰現象轉換成持續流動沸騰現象。此外，冷媒流量週期性振盪對經由時間平均的沸騰曲線及熱傳係數幾乎沒有影響。並且，壁溫、氣泡特徵和蒸發流譜會隨著冷媒流量週期性振盪，而有相同頻率的震盪。再者，在持續流動沸騰下長週期或大振幅時會導致壁溫、氣泡特徵振盪更為強烈。從流場觀測之結果顯示在第一個半週期時氣泡脫離尺寸隨著質通量減小而增加、氣泡脫離頻率隨著質通量減小而減小，但是氣泡成核址密度則隨著質通量減小而增加，在第二個半週期時則有相反趨勢。冷媒流量週期性振盪時氣泡脫離尺寸和氣泡成核址密度比氣泡脫離頻率更佔有主導影響因素，所以會造成隨著質通量減小而壁溫下降、熱傳係數上升與單相強制對流時相反的趨勢。但是，振盪週期對於氣泡特徵的影響是不明顯的。除此之外，在中間乾度時經由冷媒流量週期振盪，則會造成蒸發流譜由成核沸騰主導轉換成液膜所主導呈週期性改變。最後，我們把這個實驗中間歇性流動沸騰現象所占有的實驗參數範圍資料作分析，求出間歇性流動沸騰之邊界經驗式。
接著第二部分，提出冷媒R-134a在熱通量週期性振盪對飽和、次冷流動沸騰及蒸發熱傳之測試結果。從所量測之實驗結果發現，當所施加之平均熱通量接近穩態流動沸騰成核所需的起始熱通量時，會有間歇性流動沸騰現象產生。而在次冷流動沸騰下，間歇性流動沸騰現象會發生的實驗參數範圍則是更小。隨著增加所施加之平均熱通量，則會由間歇性流動沸騰現象轉換成持續流動沸騰現象。此外，熱通量週期性振盪對經由時間平均的沸騰曲線及熱傳係數幾乎沒有影響。並且，壁溫、氣泡特徵和蒸發流譜會隨著熱通量週期性振盪，而有相同頻率的震盪。再者，在持續流動沸騰下長週期或大振幅時會導致壁溫、氣泡特徵振盪更為強烈。從流場觀測之結果顯示在第一個半週期時氣泡脫離尺寸隨著熱通量減小而減小、氣泡脫離頻率隨著熱通量減小而減小、氣泡成核址密度隨著熱通量減小而減小，在第二個半週期時則有相反趨勢。除此之外，在中間乾度時經由熱通量週期振盪，則會造成蒸發流譜由成核沸騰主導轉換成液膜所主導週期性改變。最後，我們把這個實驗間歇性流動沸騰現象所占有的實驗參數範圍資料作分析，求出間歇性流動沸騰之邊界經驗式。

Experiments have been conducted here to investigate how the imposed time periodic refrigerant flow rate or heat flux oscillation affects the saturated and subcooled flow boiling heat transfer and associated bubble characteristics for refrigerant R-134a in a horizontal narrow annular duct. Besides, the evaporation heat transfer of R-134a flow in the same duct are examined. The test section for the horizontal annular duct consists of an outer pipe made of Pyrex glass and an inner heated copper pipe, intending to measure the boiling heat transfer coefficient and to facilitate the visualization of boiling processes. A cartridge heater is installed inside the inner pipe to provide the required heat flux to the refrigerant flow in the narrow annular duct. In the study the gap of the duct is varied from 1.0 to 5.0 mm with the mean refrigerant mass flux, saturated temperature, imposed heat flux and mean vapor quality respectively ranging from 100 to 600 kg/m2s, 5 to 15℃, 0 to 45 kW/m2 and 0.05 to 0.95. The inlet subcooling is varied from 3 to 6℃. In particular, attention is focused on the time periodic flow boiling characteristics affected by the mean levels, amplitudes and periods of the flow rate or heat flux oscillation.
Some results have been obtained and are reported here. In the first part of the present study, experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of the imposed time periodic refrigerant flow rate oscillation in the form of nearly a triangular wave on the saturated and subcooled flow boiling and evaporation heat transfer and associated bubble characteristics of R-134a in a horizontal narrow annular duct. The results indicate that when the imposed heat flux is close to that for the onset of stable flow boiling, intermittent flow boiling appears in which nucleate boiling on the heated surface only exists in a partial time interval of each periodic cycle. But the intermittent boiling prevails in narrower ranges of the experimental parameters in the subcooled flow boiling. At somewhat higher heat flux persistent boiling prevails. Besides, the refrigerant flow rate oscillation is found to negligibly affect the time-average boiling curves and heat transfer coefficients. Moreover, the heated wall temperature, bubble departure diameter and frequency, active nucleation site density, and evaporating flow pattern are noted to oscillate periodically in time as well and at the same frequency as the imposed mass flux oscillation. Furthermore, in the persistent boiling the resulting Tw oscillation is stronger for a longer period and a larger amplitude of the mass flux oscillation. And for a larger amplitude of the mass flux oscillation, stronger temporal oscillations in dp, f and nac are noted. Specifically, in the first half of the periodic cycle in which the mass flux decreases with time the departing bubbles are larger and the departure rate is lower but the active nucleation site density is higher. The opposite is the case in the second half of the cycle in which the mass flux increases. The effects of the mass flux oscillation on the departing bubble size and active nucleation site density dominate over the bubble departure frequency, causing the heated wall temperature to decrease and heat transfer coefficient to increase at reducing G in the flow boiling, opposing to that in the single-phase flow. But the bubble characteristics are only mildly affected by the period of the mass flux oscillation. However, a short time lag in the Tw oscillation is also noted. Finally, flow regime maps are provided to delineate the boundaries separating different boiling regimes for the R-134a saturated and subcooled flow boiling in the annular duct.
Moreover, at the intermediate vapor quality changes in the evaporating flow patterns between that dominated by the nucleation bubbles and liquid film resulting from the refrigerant flow rate oscillation take place cyclically. Furthermore, after the time lag the heated pipe wall temperature decreases and the evaporation heat transfer gets better as the mass flux decreases in the first half of the periodic cycle. In the second half of the cycle in which the mass flux increases the opposite processes occur. These unusual changes of the heating surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient with the mass flux oscillation are attributed to the strong effects of the mass flux oscillation on the state of the refrigerant at the duct inlet and hence on the changes of the vapor quality and liquid film thickness in the evaporating flow.
In the second part of the present study, experiments are conducted to investigate how the imposed time periodic heat flux oscillation also in the form of nearly a triangular wave on the refrigerant R-134a saturated and subcooled flow boiling and evaporation heat transfer and associated bubble characteristics in a horizontal narrow annular duct. The results also show that when the mean imposed heat flux is close to that for the onset of stable flow boiling, intermittent flow boiling appears in which nucleate boiling on the heated surface only exists in a partial interval of each periodic cycle. But the intermittent boiling appears in narrower ranges of experimental parameters in the subcooled flow boiling. At somewhat higher heat flux persistent boiling prevails. Besides, the heat flux oscillation does not noticeably affect the time-average boiling curves and heat transfer coefficients. Moreover, the heated wall temperature, bubble departure diameter and frequency, active nucleation site density, and evaporating flow pattern are found to oscillate periodically in time as well and at the same frequency as the imposed heat flux oscillation. Furthermore, in the persistent boiling the resulting oscillation amplitudes of the heated surface temperature, heat transfer coefficient and bubble parameters, such as dp, f and nac, get larger for a longer period and a larger amplitude of the imposed heat flux oscillation and for a higher mean imposed heat flux. A significant time lag in the Tw oscillation is noted. In the first half of the periodic cycle in which the heat flux decreases with time, after the time lag the heated wall temperature decreases with time, so does the bubble parameters. The opposite processes occur in the second half of the cycle in which q increases with time. Finally, flow regime maps are provided to delineate the boundaries separating different boiling regimes for the R-134a saturated and subcooled flow boiling in the annular duct.
Moreover, at the intermediate vapor quality changes in the evaporating flow patterns between that dominated by the nucleation bubbles and by the liquid film resulting from the heat flux oscillation take place cyclically. Furthermore, after the time lag the heated pipe wall temperature decreases and the evaporation heat transfer gets worse as the heat flux decreases in the first half of the periodic cycle. In the second half of the cycle in which the heat flux increases the opposite processes occur. These changes of the heating surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient with the heat flux oscillation are attributed to the strong effects of the heat flux oscillation on the changes of the vapor quality and liquid film thickness in the evaporating flow.

ABSTRACT(CHINESE) i
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iii
CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
NOMENCLATURE xxiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Literature Review 3
1.2.1 Flow boiling – brief description 3
1.2.2 Stable flow boiling heat transfer 7
1.2.3 Transient pool boiling heat transfer 9
1.2.4 Transient single-phase forced convection heat transfer 10
1.2.5 Time periodic flow boiling heat transfer 11
1.2.6 Flow patterns and bubble characteristics 12
1.2.7 Correlation equations for two phase flow boiling heat transfer 15
1.3 Objective of the Present Study 16
CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES 26
2.1 Refrigerant Flow Loop 26
2.2 Test Section 27
2.3 Water Loop for Preheater 28
2.4 Water-Glycol Loop 28
2.5 Programmable DC Power Supply 29
2.6 Photographic System 29
2.7 Data Acquisition 30
2.8 Experimental Procedures 30
2.9 Experimental Parameters 31
CHAPTER 3 DATA REDUCTION 40
3.1 Single-Phase Heat Transfer Coefficient 40
3.2 Two-Phase Heat Transfer Coefficient 41
3.3 Flow Boiling Bubble Characteristics 43
3.4 Uncertainty Analysis 44
CHAPTER 4 Time Periodic Saturated Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of R-134a and Associated Bubble Characteristics in a Narrow Annular Duct due to Flow Rate Oscillation 46
4.1 Single-Phase Heat Transfer 46
4.2 Time-Average Boiling Curves and Heat Transfer Coefficient 47
4.3 Time Dependent Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics 48
4.4 Intermittent Flow Boiling 50
4.5 Bubble Characteristics in Time Periodic Flow Boiling 51
4.6 Concluding Remarks 55
CHAPTER 5 Time Periodic Subcooled Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of R-134a and Associated Bubble Characteristics in a Narrow Annular Duct due to Flow Rate Oscillation 80
5.1 Time-Average Boiling Curves and Heat Transfer Coefficient 80
5.2 Time Dependent Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics 81
5.3 Intermittent Flow Boiling 84
5.4 Bubble Characteristics in Time Periodic Flow Boiling 85
5.5 Concluding Remarks 88
CHAPTER 6 Time Periodic Saturated Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of R-134a and Associated Bubble Characteristics in a Narrow Annular Duct due to Heat Flux Oscillation 113
6.1 Time-Average Boiling Curves and Heat Transfer Coefficient 114
6.2 Time Dependent Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics 114
6.3 Intermittent Flow Boiling 115
6.4 Effect of Heat Flux Oscillation at Extremely Short and Long Periods 116
6.5 Effect of Heat Flux Oscillation Amplitude 117
6.6 Bubble Characteristics in Time Periodic Flow Boiling 117
6.7 Concluding Remarks 120
CHAPTER 7 Time Periodic Subcooled Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of R-134a and Associated Bubble Characteristics in a Narrow Annular Duct due to Heat Flux Oscillation 143
7.1 Time-Average Boiling Curves and Heat Transfer Coefficient 144
7.2 Time Dependent Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics 144
7.3 Intermittent Flow Boiling 146
7.4 Effect of Heat Flux Oscillation at Extremely Short and Long Periods 147
7.5 Effect of Heat Flux Oscillation Amplitude 147
7.6 Bubble Characteristics in Time Periodic Flow Boiling 148
7.7 Concluding Remarks 151
CHAPTER 8 Time Periodic Evaporation Heat Transfer of R-134a in a Narrow Annular Duct due to Flow Rate Oscillation 176
8.1 Time-Average Evaporation Heat Transfer Coefficient 178
8.2 Time Dependent Evaporation Heat Transfer Characteristics 178
8.3 Characteristics of Time Periodic R-134a Evaporating Flow 181
8.4 Concluding Remarks 183
CHAPTER 9 Time Periodic Evaporation Heat Transfer of R-134a in a Narrow Annular Duct due to Heat Flux Oscillation 207
9.1 Time-Average Evaporation Heat Transfer Coefficient 208
9.2 Time Dependent Evaporation Heat Transfer Characteristics 209
9.3 Effect of Heat Flux Oscillation at Extremely Short and Long Periods 210
9.4 Effect of Heat Flux Oscillation Amplitude 211
9.5 Characteristics of Time Periodic R-134a Evaporating Flow 211
9.6 Concluding Remarks 213
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK 237
10. Concluding Remarks 237
10.1.1 Concluding remarks for mass flux oscillation 237
10.1.2 Concluding remarks for heat flux oscillation 238
10.2 Recommendation for Future Work 240
REFERENCES 241
APPENDIX 249
LIST OF PUBLICATION 255

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