臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近期電玩遊戲與認知功能相關的研究發現，動作類電玩遊戲玩家在許多視覺注意力測驗上的表現要優於非玩家，而非玩家在經過十小時以上的訓練後，也在視覺注意力上顯示出明顯的提升。不過這些研究主要都聚焦於動作類別的遊戲類型，其他種類電玩遊戲對視覺注意力影響的研究則相對的少，譬如，與動作遊戲情境同樣牽涉到許多視覺注意力能力的即時策略類電玩遊戲，就只有少數的討論。這些少數關於即時策略遊戲的研究，多半有比較即時策略遊戲玩家、動作遊戲玩家與非遊戲玩家的差異，但卻無法得到過去在動作遊戲中的發現，這可能是由於這些研究在年齡與對遊戲玩家的定義不同所導致。本研究沿用Green ＆ Bavelier在2003年所使用的視覺注意力測驗，包含檢驗視覺注意力部署在物體上能力的數數測驗、多重物體追蹤測驗，與檢驗將注意力分派在不同時間中的注意力眨眼測驗，並在遊戲玩家定義的部分使用相同的遊戲時數為準則，以過去半年每週玩特定遊戲類型超過五個小時的參與者為遊戲玩家，每週少於一小時的為非玩家。並額外加入Fan等人於2002年所提出的注意力網路測驗，檢驗在年齡與玩家定義相同的情況下，是否能發現即時策略遊戲與動作遊戲玩家在視覺注意力測驗的表現上相較於非玩家有所不同。結果顯示不同種類的遊戲玩家在各測驗上皆與非遊戲玩家沒有差異，無法重複得到過去Green ＆ Bavelier的研究結果。表示每週遊戲五個小時的遊戲時數差異無法成為注意力受到電玩遊戲影響的主要因素，在年齡相近的參與者中，較高的遊戲時數對視覺注意力表現並沒有顯著的影響，或許在未來研究中還需要再進一步檢驗遊戲表現與視覺注意力之間的關係。

Recent research suggests that playing action video games improves performance on a number of tasks that measure visual and attentional abilities. Even when non-video game players having participants play action video games for about 10 hours can improve performance on these tasks. But these researches are all focus on action video games, lack of information on other types of video games like real time strategy games. In some research which study about the difference of action video game players and real-time strategy video game players can’t get the same results, video game players and non-video game players are not different from the performance of visual attentional task. It might be due to the subject’s age and define different.This study intends to repeat the past research, and control the age of the participants with the video game players defined. To follow Green ＆ Bavelier in 2003, Include enumeration task, multiple object tracking task and attentional blink task. And defined video game players as people who played for five or more hours action or real-time strategy games per week for the past half year. And add Attentional Network Test proposed by Fan et al in 2002 to exam when in the case of the same age and same video game players defined, whether real-time strategy game and action video game players can be found in tests of visual attentional task performance is superior to non-players.The results of this study showed that different types of gamers in various tests with non-gamers are no differences, can’t repeat Green ＆ Bavelier findings. It seems played video games five of more hours per week can’t become the main factors of changes in visual attentional performance. Among those participants with similar age, there is no significant relationship between hours of video game playing and performance on visual attention. Perhaps future research can further examination video game players definitions, like the relationship between gaming performance and visual attentional task performance.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
壹 、電玩遊戲發展 1
貳 、過去研究 2
參 、電玩遊戲與視覺注意力（visual attention） 4
肆 、即時策略遊戲（Real-Time Strategy，RTS） 14
伍 、小結 17
第二章 研究目的 19
第三章 研究方法 20
壹 、參與者 22
貳 、儀器與設備 23
第一節 注意力網路測驗 23
壹、材料 26
貳、程序 26
參、結果 27
肆、討論 29
第二節 數數測驗 30
壹、材料 31
貳、程序 31
參、結果 32
肆、討論 34
第三節 多重物體追蹤測驗 35
壹、材料 36
貳、程序 36
參、結果 37
肆、討論 38
第四節 注意力眨眼測驗 39
壹、材料 40
貳、程序 40
參、結果 41
肆、討論 41
第四章 綜合討論 44
第五章 結論 50
參考文獻 51

Atkinson, J., Campbell, F. W., ＆ Francis, M. R. (1976). The magic number 4 +/- 0: a new look at visual numerosity judgements. Perception, 5(3), 327-334.
Basak, C., Boot, W. R., Voss, M. W., ＆ Kramer, A. F. (2008). Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? Psychol Aging, 23(4), 765-777.
Beyko, A., Stothart, C., ＆ Boot, W. (2012). Exploring the Effects of Video Game Experience and Motivation on Visual Processing. Journal of Vision, 12(9), 7.
Boot, W. R., Blakely, D. P., ＆ Simons, D. J. (2011). Do action video games improve perception and cognition? Front Psychol, 2, 226.
Boot, W. R., Kramer, A. F., Simons, D. J., Fabiani, M., ＆ Gratton, G. (2008). The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control. Acta Psychologica, 129(3), 387-398.
Boot, W. R., ＆ Simons, D. J. (2012). Advances in video game methods and reporting practices (but still room for improvement): A commentary on Strobach, Frensch, and Schubert (2012). Acta Psychol (Amst), 141(2), 276-277.
Brown, R. M., Hall, L., Holtzer, R., Brown, S., ＆ Brown, N. (1997). Gender and Video Game Performance. Sex Roles, 36(11-12), 793-812.
Carrasco, M., ＆ McElree, B. (2001). Covert attention accelerates the rate of visual information processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(9), 5363-5367.
Castel, A. D., Pratt, J., ＆ Drummond, E. (2005). The effects of action video game experience on the time course of inhibition of return and the efficiency of visual search. Acta Psychol (Amst), 119(2), 217-230.
Chiu, S. I., Lee, J.-Z., ＆ Huang Der-Hsiang. (2004). Video game addiction in children and teenagers in taiwan. CyberPsychology ＆ Behavior, 7(5), 571-581.
Clark, J. E., Lanphear, A. k., ＆ Riddick, C. C. (1987). The effects of video game playing on the response selection processing of elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology, 42, 82-85.
Clark, K., Fleck, M. S., ＆ Mitroff, S. R. (2011). Enhanced change detection performance reveals improved strategy use in avid action video game players. Acta Psychol (Amst), 136(1), 67-72.
Costa, A., Hernández, M., ＆ Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2008). Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, 106(1), 59-86.
Culham, J. C., Brandt, S. A., Cavanagh, P., Kanwisher, N. G., Dale, A. M., ＆ Tootell, R. B. H. (1998). Cortical fMRI Activation Produced by Attentive Tracking of Moving Targets. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(5), 2657-2670.
Culham, J. C., Cavanagh, P., ＆ Kanwisher, N. G. (2001). Attention response functions: characterizing brain areas using fMRI activation during parametric variations of attentional load. Neuron, 32(4), 737-745.
De Lisi, R., ＆ Cammarano, D. M. (1996). Computer experience and gender differences in undergraduate mental rotation performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 12(3), 351-361.
De Lisi, R., ＆ Wolford, J. L. (2002). Improving children's mental rotation accuracy with computer game playing. J Genet Psychol, 163(3), 272-282.
Desimone, R., ＆ Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu Rev Neurosci, 18, 193-222.
Dorval, M., ＆ Pepin, M. (1986). Effect of playing a video game on a measure of spatial visualization. Percept Mot Skills, 62(1), 159-162.
Dye, M. W., Green, C. S., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2009). The development of attention skills in action video game players. Neuropsychologia, 47(8-9), 1780-1789.
Dye, M. W. G., Green, C. S., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2009). Increasing speed of processing with action video games. Current Directions in Psychological Science 18(6), 321-326.
Entertainment_Software_Association. (2010). Essential factors about the computer and video game industry: 2010 sales, demographice and usage data. Retrieved from http://www.theesa.com/facts/pdfs/ESA_Essential_Facts_2010.PDF
Erickson, K. I., Boot, W. R., Basak, C., Neider, M. B., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., . . . Kramer, A. F. (2010). Striatal volume predicts level of video game skill acquisition. Cereb Cortex, 20(11), 2522-2530.
Eriksen, B., ＆ Eriksen, C. (1974). Effects of noise letters in the identification of target letters in a non-search task. Perception and Psychophysics, 16, 143-149.
Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, M., ＆ Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the Efficiency and Independence of Attentional Networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 340-347.
Feng, J., Spence, I., ＆ Pratt, J. (2007). Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition. Psychol Sci, 18(10), 850-855.
Frederiksen, J. R., ＆ White, B. Y. (1989). An approach to training based upon principled task decomposition. Acta Psychologica, 71, 89-146.
Gagnon, D. (1985). Videogames and spatial skills: An exploratory study. ECTJ, 33(4), 263-275.
Gamboz, N., Zamarian, S., ＆ Cavallero, C. (2010). Age-related differences in the attention network test (ANT). Exp Aging Res, 36(3), 287-305.
Gopher, D., Weil, M., ＆ Bareket, T. (1994). Transfer of skill from a computer game trainer to flight. Human Factors, 36, 387-405.
Green, C. S., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2003). Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature, 423(6939), 534.
Green, C. S., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2006a). Ability to task-switch in action video game players. Journal of Vision, 6(6), 941.
Green, C. S., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2006b). Effect of action video games on the spatial distribution of visuospatial attention. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 32(6), 1465-1478.
Green, C. S., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2006c). Enumeration versus multiple object tracking: the case of action video game players. Cognition, 101(1), 217-245.
Green, C. S., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2007). Action-video-game experience alters the spatial resolution of vision. Psychological Science 18(1), 88-94.
Greenfield, P. M., DeWinstanley, P., Kilpatrick, H., ＆ Kaye, D. (1994). Action video games and informal education: Effects on strategies for dividing visual attention. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 105-123.
Hillyard, S. A., Vogel, E. K., ＆ Luck, S. J. (1998). Sensory gain control (amplification) as a mechanism of selective attention: electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 353(1373), 1257-1270.
Hubert-Wallander, B., Green, C. S., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2011). Stretching the limits of visual attention: the case of action video games. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(2), 222-230.
Irons, J. L., Remington, R. W., ＆ McLean, J. P. (2011). Not so fast: Rethinking the effects of action video games on attentional capacity. Australian Journal of Psychology, 63(4), 224-231.
Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice Hall.
Karle, J. W., Watter, S., ＆ Shedden, J. M. (2010). Task switching in video game players: Benefits of selective attention but not resistance to proactive interference. Acta Psychologica, 134(1), 70-78.
Kioumourtzoglou, E., Kourtessis, T., Michalopoulou, M., ＆ Derri, V. (1998). Differences in several perceptual abilities between experts and novices in basketball, volleyball and water-polo. Percept Mot Skills, 86(3 Pt 1), 899-912.
Lavie, N. (1995). Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 21(3), 451-468.
Lee, H., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Boot, W. R., Vo, L. T. K., Basak, C., . . . Kramer, A. F. (2012). Videogame training strategy-induced change in brain function during a complex visuomotor task. Behavioural Brain Research, 232(2), 348-357.
Lum, J., Enns, J. T., ＆ Pratt, J. (2002). Visual orienting in college athletes: explorations of athlete type and gender. Res Q Exerc Sport, 73(2), 156-167.
McClurg, P. A., ＆ Chaille, C. (1987). Computer games: Environments for developing spatial cognition? Journal of Educational Computing Researh, 3(1), 95-111.
Morlock, H., Yando, T., ＆ Nigolean, K. (1985). MOTIVATION OF VIDEO GAME PLAYERS. Psychological Reports, 57(1), 247-250.
Murphy, K., ＆ Spencer, A. (2009). Playing video games does not make for better visual attention skills. Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis, 6(1), 1-20.
Nelson, R. A., ＆ Strachan, I. (2009). Action and puzzle video games prime different speed/accuracy tradeoffs. Perception, 38(11), 1678-1687.
Nougier, V., Azemar, G., Stein, J. F., ＆ Ripoll, H. (1992). Covert orienting to central visual cues and sport practice relations in the development of visual attention. J Exp Child Psychol, 54(3), 315-333.
Nougier, V., Rossi, B., Alain, C., ＆ Taddei, F. (1996). Evidence of strategic effects in the modulation of orienting of attention. Ergonomics, 39(9), 1119-1133.
Okagaki, L., ＆ Frensch, P. A. (1994). Effects of video game playing on measures of spatial performance: Gender effects in late adolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 33-58.
Orosy-Fildes, C., ＆ Allan, R. W. (1989). PSYCHOLOGY OF COMPUTER USE: XII. VIDEOGAME PLAY HUMAN REACTION TIME TO VISUAL STIMULI. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69(1), 243-247.
Orosy-Fildes, C., ＆ Allan, R. W. (1989). Psychology of computer use: XII. Videogame play: Human RT to Visual stimuli. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 243-247.
Oyama, T., Kikuchi, T., ＆ Ichihara, S. (1981). Span of attention, backward masking, and reaction time. Percept Psychophys, 29(2), 106-112.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Q J Exp Psychol, 32(1), 3-25.
Posner, M. I., ＆ Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annu Rev Neurosci, 13, 25-42.
Proksch, J., ＆ Bavelier, D. (2002). Changes in the spatial distribution of visual attention after early deafness. J Cogn Neurosci, 14(5), 687-701.
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., ＆ Arnell, K. M. (1992a). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 18(3), 849-860.
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., ＆ Arnell, K. M. (1992b). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? J. Exp. Psychol. Human Percept. Perform., 18, 849-860.
Rosenberg, B. H., Landsittel, D., ＆ Averch, T. D. (2005). Can video games be used to predict or improve laparoscopic skills? J Endourol, 19(3), 372-376.
Sarter, M., Gehring, W. J., ＆ Kozak, R. (2006). More attention must be paid: the neurobiology of attentional effort. Brain Res Rev, 51(2), 145-160.
Scholl, B. J., Pylyshyn, Z. W., ＆ Feldman, J. (2001). What is a visual object? Evidence from target merging in multiple object tracking. Cognition, 80(1-2), 159-177.
Sears, C. R., ＆ Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2000). Multiple object tracking and attentional processing. Can J Exp Psychol, 54(1), 1-14.
Shebilske, W. L., Volz, R. A., Gildea, K. M., Workman, J. W., Nanjanath, M., Sen, C., ＆ Whetzel, J. (2005). Revised space fortress: A validation study. Behavior Research Methods, 37(4), 591-601.
Sims, V. K., ＆ Mayer, R. E. (2002). Domain specificity of spatial expertise: the case of video game players. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(1), 97-115.
Strobach, T., Frensch, P. A., ＆ Schubert, T. (2012). Video game practice optimizes executive control skills in dual-task and task switching situations. Acta Psychologica, 140(1), 13-24.
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(643-662).
Subrahmanyam, K., ＆ Greenfield, P. M. (1994). Effect of video game practice on spatial skills in girls and boys. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 13-32.
Trick, L. M., ＆ Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1993). What enumeration studies can show us about spatial attention: evidence for limited capacity preattentive processing. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 19(2), 331-351.
Trick, L. M., ＆ Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1994). Why are small and large numbers enumerated differently? A limited-capacity preattentive stage in vision. Psychol Rev, 101(1), 80-102.
Voyer, D., Voyer, S., ＆ Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychol Bull, 117(2), 250-270.
Wang, H., Fan, J., ＆ Johnson, T. R. (2004). A symbolic model of human attentional networks. Cognitive Systems Research, 5(2), 119-134.
Yuji, H. (1996). Computer games and information-processing skills. Percept Mot Skills, 83(2), 643-647.
唐周毅. (2008). 電子競技運動之發展與策略. [未發表之碩士論文]. 體育研究所人文社會組, 290.