臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Abstract
This thesis aims to study the system of lexical categories in Paiwan. We mainly deal with categorical problems from two aspects. First, we deal with the issues on lexical categorization/categorical identification. In addition to nouns and verbs which are considered nearly universal, do other members in the major lexical categories─adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions─exist in Paiwan? Second, we deal with category shift. Although nominalization in Paiwan has been discussed, the opposite process of verbalization has not been fully probed. In this study, we will fill the gap.
On lexical categorization, we have the following conclusions: First, Paiwan doesn't have the category of adjectives. All adjectival meanings are conveyed by means of verbs. Second, Paiwan has no real adverbs. A majority of adverbial concepts are grammatically main verbs. A closed class of adverbial concepts is classified as affixes or clitics. Temporal adverbial meanings and functions can be expressed in terms of nouns. Third, most members of prepositional expressions are coded as verbs and as verbal prefixes. The locative expression i-phrase(s) can be classified into two types in syntactic representation─type I as verbs and type II as prepositional phrases. There exist only one prepositional phrase─ka-phrase that has achieved the final status of grammaticalization. In structure, adjectival modification is represented in terms of verbal Relativization; adverbial and prepositional modification, for the most part, in terms of multiple-verb constructions with linkers.
On category shift, we explore and examine the processes of denominalization. The study reveals the facts that in Paiwan a large number of denominal verbs are formed by means of focus affixation. Conceptual constraints may lead to the constraints on denominalizing processes. The grammatical markings on both processes of category shift indicate that in Paiwan the processes of verbalization are more productive than the processes of nominalization.

Table of Contents
Chapter One Introduction 1
1.1 Definition 1
1.2 The Motivation 2
1.3 Research Issues 3
1.4 Research Methods 5
1.5 Language Background of Paiwan 6
1.6 Data Sources 6
1.7 Organization of the Thesis 7
Chapter Two An Introduction to Paiwan Grammar 8
2.1 Phonemic System and Orthography 8
2.2 Focus (Voice) System 9
2.3 Case-marking System 11
2.4 Pronominal System 13
2.5 Tense/Aspect/Mood System 15
2.5.1 Irrealis Markers 16
2.5.2 Perfective Aspect Markers 17
2.5.3 Change of State Marker —anga 19
2.5.4 Durative Aspect Marker —anan 20
2.5.5 Progressiveness, habituality and Increase of Degree in Reduplication
20
2.6 Clausal Linkage Markers in Paiwan 22
2.6.1 Conjunctions (coordinators) 22
2.6.2 Subordinators 25
2.6.2.1 Adverbial-clause Subordinators 26
2.6.2.2 Relative-clause Subordinators 29
2.6.2.3 Verb-complement Subordinators 30
Chapter Three Theoretical Framework and Methodology 35
3.1 Preamble 35
3.2 Traditional Criteria for Identifying Categories 35
3.3 Prototype Theory 37
3.4 Markedness in Grammatical Categorization 39
3.4.1 Markedness Theory 39
3.4.2 Other Functional Approaches 42
3.5 Categorical Identifying Procedure 43
Chapter Four Adjectival Modification in Paiwan 45
4.1 Preamble 45
4.2 Categorical Determination and Judgment 47
4.2.1 Semantic Classification 47
4.2.2 Morphological Characteristics 50
4.2.3 Syntactic Distribution 58
4.2.4 Summary 60
4.3 Adjectival Modification in Syntax 62
4.3.1 Adjectival Modifying Construction 62
4.3.2 Adjectival Modification in Relativization 64
4.3.3 Reflection on Starosta’s Study 66
4.4 Summary 70
Chapter Five Adverbial Modification in Paiwan 71
5.1 Preamble 71
5.2 Categorical Determination and Judgment 73
5.2.1 Semantic Classification 73
5.2.2 Morphological Characteristics 77
5.2.3 Syntactic Distribution 81
5.2.4 Summary 84
5.3 Adverbial Modification in Syntax 85
5.3.1 Adverbials in Multiple-verb Construction 85
5.3.2 The ‘Real Adverbs’? 92
5.3.2.1 Adverbial as nouns 93
5.3.2.2 Non-movable adverbials 96
5.4 Summary 100
Chapter Six Prepositional Modification 103
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Categorical Determination and Judgment 107
6.2.1 Diagnostics 107
6.2.2 Semantic Classification of Prepositional concepts 108
6.2.3 Morphological characteristics 110
6.2.4 Syntactic distribution and function 122
6.2.4.1 Predicate Position 122
6.2.4.2 Modification 127
6.2.4.3 As Case Markers 130
6.2.5 Summary 130
6.3 Prepositional Modifying Constructions 133
6.3.1 Modification in Multiple-verb Construction 133
6.3.2 Modification in Subordination 139
6.3.3 Modification in Relativization 140
6.4 From the head of a predicate phrase to the head of a modifier phrase
142
6.4.1 “i-phrases” 142
6.4.2 A Process of Grammaticalization 145
Chapter Seven On Verbalization─A case study of denominal verbs in Paiwan
----------------------------------------------------------------151
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Classification of Nouns 153
7.3 Verbalization in Paiwan 155
7.3.1 Focus system in Paiwan 155
7.3.2 Paiwan denominal verbs vs. English denominal verbs 157
7.3.3 Focus verbalization vs. Non-focus verbalization 159
7.3.3.1 Verbalization via Focus Affixation 159
7.3.3.2 Verbalization via non-focus affixation 165
7.3.3.3 Summary 166
7.4 Denominal Verbs and Thoughts 167
7.4.1 Constraints on Denominalization 167
7.4.2 A Pragmatic Perspective 173
7.5 Nominalization vs. Verbalization 175
7.5.1 Nominalization 176
7.5.2 Unmarkedness and Productivity in Focus Verbalization 180
Chapter Eight Conclusion 183
8.1 On Lexical Categorization 183
8.2 On Category Shift 185
References 187

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