臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之主要目的在探討國立台灣師範大學B型肝炎帶原學生參與肝功能檢查之相關因素，以提供台灣師大健康中心作為推行健康服務上的參考。本研究採前瞻性研究設計，以八十七學年度一至三年級B型肝炎帶原學生為對象，於87年12月中旬以自編式結構問卷進行調查，其後台灣師大健康中心於88年3月9∼11日間提供免費肝功能檢查，同時追蹤參與肝功能檢查行為，得有效樣本459名。所得資料以描述性統計、卡方檢定、t檢定、單因子變因數分析、賀得臨考驗、區別分析等方法進行分析。重要結果如下︰
1. 不同人口學變項之B型肝炎帶原學生，其參與肝功能檢查行為的差異情形皆未達統計上的顯著水準，而當年級 不同時，研究對象參與肝能檢查之行為有顯著差異存在，以一年級參與肝功能檢查者較多。另外，研究對象亦 不因結構變項上的不同，其參與肝功能檢查之行為有顯著差異存在。
2. 在健康信念方面，發現知覺嚴重性較強、知覺有效性較強，而知覺障礙性弱者較會參與肝功能檢查；在健康動 機方面則以健康動機較強者較會參與肝功能檢查；在主觀規範方面亦以主觀規範較強者較會參與肝功能檢查； 在B型肝炎健康控握方面，較傾向重要他人外控者較會參與肝功能檢查，而較傾向機運外控者較不會參與肝功 能檢查。進一步發現「如果因B型肝炎，而使我無法上課」之知覺嚴重性、對「疾病防治之相關基金會」之主 觀規範、對「醫護人員」之主觀規範、「我覺得做肝功能檢查可以減少我們因肝功能不佳而死亡的機率」之知 覺有效性、「我會去尋求與自己健康有關的資訊」對於參與肝功能檢查之行為較具影響力。
3. 不同行動線索之研究對象，其參與肝功能檢查的差異情形皆未達統計上的顯著水準。
根據本研究結果，建議在教育上可由健康信念、主觀規範與健康控握等方面著手，行政上可透過電子郵件發送肝功能檢查通知。在未來研究上，可擴大研究對象，並進行教育介入研究。

This study is to investigate the factors which influence the students, hepatitis B carriers at National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU), to take liver function test (GOP and GTP tests). It is expected that the findings of this present study, a prospective research design, can provide references of health service development for the Health Center at NTNU.
The samples included 459 freshmen, sophomores, and seniors who were hepatitis B carriers at NTNU in 1998. Questionnaire survey was adopted. The Health Center at NTNU provided free liver function tests three months later. Descriptive analysis, chi-square, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Hotelling''s T2, and discriminant analysis were used for analysis. The major findings were concluded as follows:
1.Demographic variables did not significantly influence the subjects'' participation in the liver function tests. However, the variable of grades significantly influenced their participation. Most of the participants were first-year students. With regard to structure variables, whether they took the test or not was non-significantly different.
2.The subjects who perceived more severity, and benefits of the action, less barriers of the action, more health motivation, subjective norm and power others control, and less chance control took the check.
3.The main influences on the subjects'' participation in the checks came from: (1) The perceived severity of " I can''t go to school because I infected hepatitis B" (2) the subjective norm toward funds concerning disease prevention; (3) the subjective norm toward medical professionals; (4) the perceived benefit of " I think that taking the liver function test could prevent me from death" (5) the motivation to seek for information concerning health.
4.With regard to cues to action, whether they took the test or not was non-significantly different.

第一章 緒論
第一節研究動機與重要性…………………………………………………1
第二節研究目的……………………………………………………………4
第三節研究問題……………………………………………………………4
第四節研究假設……………………………………………………………5
第五節名詞界說……………………………………………………………6
第六節研究限制……………………………………………………………10
第二章 文獻探討
第一節健康行為與衛生教育………………………………………………11
第二節B型肝炎概述 ………………………………………………………12
第三節影響健康行為因素之探討…………………………………………18
第三章 研究方法
第一節研究架構……………………………………………………………35
第二節研究對象……………………………………………………………36
第三節研究工具……………………………………………………………36
第四節研究步驟……………………………………………………………47
第五節資料處理與分析……………………………………………………50
第四章 研究結果
第一節研究對象背景變項…………………………………………………55
第二節參與肝功能檢查行為及其相關因素………………………………60
第三節預測參與肝功能檢查之重要因子…………………………………87
第四節B型肝炎知識需求與管道 …………………………………………90
第五章 討論
第一節背景因素與參與肝功能檢查行為間的關係………………………93
第二節社會心理因素與參與肝功能檢查行為……………………………95
第三節行動線索與參與肝功能檢查行為…………………………………102
第四節B型肝炎知識需求與管道 …………………………………………104
第六章 研究結論與建議
第一節研究結論……………………………………………………………109
第二節建議…………………………………………………………………110
參考文獻 …………………………………………………………………………………113
附錄
附錄一專家效度名單………………………………………………………123
附錄二預試問卷……………………………………………………………124
附錄三預試試題分析………………………………………………………133
附錄四正式問卷……………………………………………………………137
附錄五本次肝功能檢查之行動線索與未參與之因………………………147
附錄六肝功能檢查通知單…………………………………………………148

參考文獻
于明暉、陳建仁（民81）‧肝細胞癌之流行病學特徵與危險因子‧中華衛誌，11（3），165-187。
于漱（民77）‧台北市20-60歲居民預防性健康行為之調查研究‧公共衛生，14（4），391-406。
尤嫣嫣（民82）‧大學生接受B型肝炎疫苗注射行為意圖的研究‧私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
王佩玲（民81）‧兒童氣質、父母教養方式與兒童社會能力關係之研究‧國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
王姿乃、于明暉、廖運範、林燈縯、陳建仁（民83）‧B型肝炎表面抗原帶原者肝硬化之多重危險因子研究‧中華衛誌，13（3），258-267。
王桂珍（民80）‧慢性B型肝炎患者的因應行為與家庭支持對心身健康的影響‧國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
王婉璇（民79）‧台北市某高中一年級學生接受B型肝炎疫苗注射行為及其相關因素之探討‧國立台灣大學護理研究所碩士論文。
白崇田、陳麗美（民77）‧新店市成年居民參加高血壓與糖尿病健康篩檢意願之調查研究‧公共衛生，15（3），271-291。
行政院衛生署（民87a）‧公共衛生概況‧台北︰行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署（民87b）‧病毒性肝炎問答手冊‧台北︰行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署（民88）‧衛生統計--台灣地區主要癌症死亡原因--八十七年與八十六年之比較‧http://www.doh.gov.tw/lane/statist/87/87stat3-2-01idx.html。
余瑞蘭（民75）‧台北市教學醫院醫療工作人員對B型肝炎疫苗預防之知識、認知、態度及其行為相關因素之探討‧公共衛生，12（3），338-353。
吳美月、苗迺芳、曹素玲（民77）‧幼稚園孩童家長對B型肝炎預防注射的知識、態度與需求之探討‧護理雜誌，35（1），85-94。
呂昌明（民74）‧健康信念模式與婦女參加子宮頸篩檢行動之研究‧衛生教育論文集刊，1，67-75。
呂昌明（民83）‧以健康信念模式分析公共衛生護理人員執行乳房自我檢查之意圖‧衛生教育論文集刊，7，142-153。
李兆憲（民79）‧台灣地區牙醫師對受B型肝炎之認知、態度、行為及衛生教育有關之研究‧國立陽明大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
李守義（民77）‧以國姓鄉高血壓防治檢定修飾型健康信念模式‧國立陽明大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
李守義、周碧瑟、晏涵文（民78）‧健康信念模式的回顧與前瞻‧中華衛誌，9（3），123-147。
李卓倫（民76）‧以健康信念模式分析鹿谷鄉民的肝癌篩檢行為‧陽明醫學院公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
李重賓、黃信彰（民84）‧慢性B型肝炎的自然病程‧臨床醫學，36（4），254-261。
李從業（民86）‧以健康信念模式分析台北市中、小學女性老師乳房自我檢查行為‧護理研究，5（4），366-375。
李壽東（民78）‧膽囊肝炎和肝癌‧台北：黎明文化。
李翠鳳（民80）‧影響金門地區婦女抹片篩檢行為相關因素探討‧國立陽明大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
周碧瑟（民72）‧台灣地區農村婦女對子宮頸抹片檢查認知與接受之分析‧中華衛誌，302-311。
林淑慧（民81）‧專護學生實施婚前健康檢查意向研究∼理性行動論之驗證‧國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
邱啟潤、王瑞霞、李淑婷（1994）‧以健康信念模式分析老年的人健康檢查行為‧行政院國家科學委員會：NSC82-0412-B037-092。
邱燦宏、葉季森（民82）‧城市、鄉村婦女接受子宮頸抹片檢查決定因子之比較研究‧衛生署：DOH82-HP-050。
柯懿嬖（民85）‧以健康信念模式分析某工作場所員工之大腸直腸癌糞便篩檢行為研究‧國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
胡月娟（民77）‧台中市成年市民癌症篩檢的施行與相關因素之探討‧公共衛生，14（2），140-146。
晏涵文、張利中（民78）‧新生兒母親對新生兒B型肝炎預防注射之認知、態度和行為及其影響因素研究‧衛生教育雜誌，3，13-30。
國立台灣師範大學（民86）‧國立台灣師範大學健康中心簡介‧台北︰國立台灣師範大學。
康清雲（民86）‧台北地區大學生婚前健康檢查意願及其影響因素之研究‧公共衛生，23（4），225-237。
許明珠（民80）‧台北市信義區老人健康檢查行為及其相關因素的探討‧國防醫學院護理研究所碩士論文。
許美雲（民83）‧因應利益與耗損、疾病表徵對求醫行為的影響，以B型肝炎帶原者為樣本‧私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
郭憲文、袁素娟、郭憲華、王理（民81）‧某專科學校學生對型肝炎之知識、態度與預防性健康行為之研究‧中華衛誌，11（2），107-122。
陳妙芳（民83）‧台灣地區愛滋病讀得感染對非成年期感染的B型肝炎帶原者之影響‧國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
陳振陽、高嘉宏（民82）‧肝炎的預防與治療‧台北：正中。
陳建仁（民69）‧傳染病流行病學‧陳建仁編著，流行病學（二版，383-424頁）‧台北：伙伴。
曾淑芬（民79）‧台灣北部地區高危險B型肝炎病毒及D型肝炎病毒感染之血清流行病學研究‧國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所。
黃松元、蘇富美、葉國樑、徐慧敏（民78）‧師大B型肝炎帶原學生衛生教育計畫之研究‧行政院國科會計畫：NSC76-0301-H003-13。
黃振明（民74）‧台北市古亭區母親對孕婦B型肝炎產前檢查、嬰兒B型肝炎預防注射利用情形之調查研究‧國防醫學院社會學醫學研究所碩士論文。
黃毓華（民77）‧某國立大學新生B型肝炎知識、態度與行為之調查研究‧公共衛生，15（3），255-270。
楊玉玟（民82）‧影響民眾前往性病防治所接受愛滋病毒抗體檢驗相關因似的探討‧國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
楊宜青（民83）‧家庭對癌症篩檢參與的影響：台灣七個地區‧台灣醫誌，93卷（附冊1），56-63。
葉季森、周碧瑟（民76）‧以健康信念模式分析桃園縣婦女的抹片檢查行為‧衛生教育雜誌，8，58-77。
廖運範（民73）‧病毒性肝炎之血清學評估新貌‧當代醫學，11（4），53-56。
劉翠媚（民79）‧台北市公共衛生護理人員執行乳房自我檢查意向之研究‧國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
劉影梅（民77）‧肝病住院病人對B型肝炎防治地知識、態度、行為及其相關因素的調查研究‧國防醫學院護理研究所碩士論文。
鄭逸如（民78）‧慢性B型肝炎患者的認知及情緒與病情發展的關係‧國立台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
盧俊良、陳祖裕（民83）‧B型肝炎之概況‧臨床醫學‧34（2），85-98。
簡大任、季瑋珠（民84）‧台北市有偶婦女接受子宮頸抹片檢查影響因素之探討‧中華衛誌，14（2），111-127。
羅光瑞（民74）‧乙（B）型肝炎的防治已漸露曙光‧臨床醫學‧16（2），73-75。
譚文海、盛文鴦（民73）‧國中學生對防治之知識、態度與行為調查研究‧衛生教育雜誌，5，3-432。
譚文海、黃蔚剛、邱志彥、蕭慶耀（民78）‧新莊市民眾對B型肝炎防治之知識、態度及行為研究‧衛生教育雜誌，8，78-94。
譚建民（民83）‧怎樣寶貝你的肝‧台北：元氣齋。
Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (1994). Modelling and modifying young heterosexuals'' HIV-preventive behaviour ; a review of theories, findings and educational implications. Patient Education and Counseling, 23, 173-186.
AbuSabha, R., & Achterberg, C. (1997). Review of self-efficacy and locus of control for nutrition- and health-related behavior. Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 97(10), 1122-1132.
Agars, J., & McMurray A.(1993) An evaluation of comparative strategies for teaching breast self examination. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(10), 1595-1603.
Aiken, L. S., Fenaughty, A. M., West, S.G., Johnson, J. J., & Luckett, T. L.(1995). Perceived determinants of risk for breast cancer and the relations among objective risk, perceived risk, and screening behavior over time. Womens Health,1(1), 27-50.
Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., Woodward, C. K., & Reno, R. R. (1994). Health beliefs and compliance with mammography-screening recommendations in asymptomatic women. Health Psychology. 13(2), 122-129.
Ajzen, I. & Fishbien, M. (1980). Understanding attitude and predicting social behavior control. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey：Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Beasley R. P. (1982). Incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in preschool children in Taiwan. The Journal of Infectious Disease, 146(2), 198-210.
Beasley, R. P., Hwang, L. Y., Lin, C. C., & Chien, C. S. (1981). Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus: A prospective study of 22707 men in Taiwan. Lancet, 2(8256), 1129-1133.
Beasley, R. P. (1988). Hepatitis B virus: The major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 61, 1942-1956.
Beaulieu, A. D., Beland, F., Roy, S., Falardeau, A., & Hebert, G. (1996). Factors determining compliance with screening mammography [see comments]. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 154(9), 1335-1343.
Becker, M., & Maiman, L. (1975). Sociobehavioral determinants of compliance with health and medical care recommendation. Medical Care, 13, 10-24.
Benedict, S., Goon, G., Hoomani, J., & Holder, P. (1997). Breast cancer detection by daughters of women with breast cancer. Cancer Practice, 5(4), 213-219.
Bodenheimer, H. C., Fulton, J. P., & Kramer, P. D. (1986). Acceptance of hepatitis B among hospital workers. American Journal of Public Health, 76(3), 252-255.
Branoff, R., Santi, K., Campbell, J. K., Roetzheim, R., & Older, M.（1997）. A family practice residency cervical screening project: perceived screening barriers. Family Medicine, 29(2), 119-123.
Briggs, M. J., & Thomas, J. (1994). Obstacles to hepatitis B vaccine uptake by health care staff. Public Health, 108, 137-148.
Bundek, N. I., Marks, G., & Richardson, J. V.(1993)Role of health locus of control beliefs in cancer screening of elderly Hispanic women. Health Psychology, 12(3), 193-199.
Burack, R. C., & Liang, J.（1989）.The acceptance and completion of mamongraphy by older black women. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 721-726.
Champion, V.(1994a). Relationship of age to mammography compliance. Cancer Supplement, 74(1), 329-335.
Champion, V. L.(1994b). Beliefs about breast cancer and mammography by behavioral stage. Oncology Nursing Forum, 21(6), 1009-1014.
Chen, C. J., Liang, K. Y., Chang, A. S., Chang, Y. C., Lu, S. N., Liaw, Y. F., Chang, W. Y., Sheen, M. C., & Lin, T. M. (1991). Effects of hepatitis B virus, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking and familial tendency on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 13, 398-406.
Chuang, W. L., Chang, W. Y., Lu, S. N., Su, W. P., Lin, Z. Y., Chen, S. C., Hsieh, M. Y., Wang, L. Y., You, S. L., & Chen, C. J.(1992). The role of HBV and HCV in hepatocellular carcinoma of HBV endemic area: A case-control study. Cancer, 69, 2052-2054.
Chung, W. L., Chang, W. Y., Lu, S. N., Su, W. P., Lin, Z.Y., Chen, S. C., Hsieh, M.Y., Wang, L.Y., You, S. L., & Chen, C. J. (1992). The role of HBV and HCV in hepatocellular carcinoma of HBV endemic area: a case-control study. Cancer, 69, 2025-2054.
Conner, M., & Norman, P. (1996). Predicting health behavior. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Doebbeling, B. N., Ferguson, K. J., & Kohout, F. J. (1996). Predictors of hepatitis B vaccine acceptance in health care workers. Medical Care, 34(1), 58-72.
Friedman, L. C., Nelson D. V., Webb J. A., Hoffman L. P., & Baer, P. E.(1994). Dispositional optimism, self-efficacy, and beliefs as predictors of breast self-examination. American Journal of Preventive Medicine.10(3), 130-135.
Friedman, L. C., Weinberg, A. D., Webb, J. A., Cooper, H. P., & Bruce, S. (1995). Skin cancer prevention and early detection intentions and behavior. American Journal of Medicine, 11(1), 59-65.
Funke, B. L., & Nicholson, M. E. (1993). Factors affecting patient compliance among women with abnormal Pap smears. Patient Education Counseling, 20(1), 5-15.
Furnbam, A., & Steele, H. (1993). Measuring locus of control: A critique of general, children''s health- and work-related locus of control questionnaires. British Journal of Psychology. 84(4), 443-480.
Gilbert, G. G., & Sawyer, R. G. (1995). Health education--Creating strategies of school and community health. Boston：Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
Glanz, K., Lewis, F. M., & Rimer, B. K. (Eds.). (1990). The scope of health education: Parameters of a Maturing Field. In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education (pp. 3-16). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gochman, D.(1977). Perceived vulnerability and its psychosocial context. Social Science and Medicine, 11 , 115.
Green, L. W. (1980). Health education planning：A diagnostic approach. Mayfield Publishing Company. The John Hopkins University.
Greene, W. H., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (1990). Introduction to health education. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press.
Hallal, J.(1982). The relationship of health beliefs, health locus of control, and self-examination. Nursing Research, 31, 137-142.
Harrison, J. A., Mullen, P. D., & Green, L. W. (1992). A meta-analysis of studies of the health belief model with adults. Health Education Research, 7(1), 107-116.
Hartke, R. J., & Kunce, J. T. (1982). Multidimensional health-related locus-of-control-scale items. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 50, 594-595.
Hyman R. B., Baker. S., Ephraim, R., Moadel, A., & Philip, J.(1994). Health belief model variables as predictors of screening mammography utilization. Journal of Behavior and Medicine. 17(4), 391-406.
Israsena, S., Kamolratanakul, P., Sakulramrung, R.(1992). Factors influencing acceptance of hepatitis B vaccination by hospital personnel in an area hyperendemic for Hepatitis B. American Journal of Gastroenterol, 87, 1807-1809.
Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quartly.11(1) , 1-47.
Kasl, S. V., & Cobb, S. (1966). Health behavior, illness behavior, and sick-role behavior:Ⅰ. Health and illness behavior. Archives of Environmental Health, 12, 246-266.
Kasl, S. V., & Cobb, S. (1966). Health behavior, illness behavior, and sick-role behavior: Ⅱ. Sick-role behavior. Archives of Environmental Health, 12, 531-541.
Katz, R. C., & Meyers, K., & Walls, J. (1995). Cancer awareness and self-examination practices in young men and women. Journal of Behavior and Medicine, 18(4), 377-384.
Kiefe, C. I., McKay, S. V., Halevy, A., & Brody, B.A.(1994). Is cost a barrier to screening mammography for low-income women receiving Medicare benefits? A randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154(11), 1217-1224.
Kim, K., Yu, E. S., Chen, E. H., Kim, J., & Brintnall, R. A.（1998）.Colorectal cancer screening. Knowledge and practices among Korean Americans. Cancer Practice, 6(3), 167-175.
King, E. S., Rimer, B. K., Seay, J., Balshem, A., & Engstrom. (1994). Promoting mammography use through progressive interventions: Is it effective? American Journal of Public Health, 84, 104-106.
Lauver, D. (1992). A theory of care-seeking behavior. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 24(4), 281-287.
Levenson, H. (1974). Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 397-404.
Liaw, Y. F., Tai, D. I., Chu, C. M., & Chen, T. J. (1988). Development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: A prospective study. Hepatology, 8, 493-496.
Lierman, L. M., Young, H. M., Kasprzyk, D., & Benoliel, J. Q. (1990). Predicting breast self-examination using the theory of reasoned action. Nursing Research, 39(2), 97-101.
Lin, C. C., & Liang, C. C. (1997). The relationship between health locus of control and compliance of hemodialysis patients. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Tsa Chih, 13(4), 243-254.
Lin, W. C., & Ball, C. (1997). Factors affecting the decision of nursing students in Taiwan to be vaccinated against Hepatitis B infection. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 709-718.
Lu, Z. J.(1995). Variables associated with breast self-examination among Chinese women. Cancer Nursing, 18(1), 29-34.
Maddux, J. (1993). Social cognitive models of health and exercise behavior: An introduction and review of conceptual issues. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5, 116-140.
Mamon, J.A., Shediac, M.C., Crosby, C. B., Sanders, B., Matanoski, G. M., & Celentano, D. D. (1990). Inner-city women at risk for cervical cancer：behavioral and utilizational factors related to inadequate screening. Preventive Medicine, 19, 363-376.
Mandelblatt, J., Traxler, M., Lakin, P., Kanesky, P., & Kao, P.（1993）.Targeting breast and cervical cancer screening to elderly poor black women: Who will participate? Preventive Medicine, 22, 20-33.
Marshall, G. (1991). A multidimensional analysis of internal health locus of control beliefs: Separating the wheat from the chaff. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 483-491.
Massey, V.(1986). Perceived susceptibility to breast cancer and practice of breast self-examination. Nursing Research, 35, 183-185.
McCarthy, B. D., Yood, M. U., Janz, N. K., Boohaker, E. A., Ward, R. E., & Johnson, C. C. (1996). Evaluation of factors potentially associated with inadequate follow-up of mammographic abnormalities. Cancer, 77(10), 2070-2076.
McCaul, K. D., Sandgren, A. K., O''Neill,H. K., & Hinsz, V. B. (1993). The value of the theory of planned behavior, perceived control, and self-efficacy expectations for predicting health-protective behaviors. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 14, 231-252.
Mckenzie, C. (1992). Hepatitis B vaccination: A survey of health care workers'' knowledge and acceptance. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 40(11), 517-520.
Montano, D. E., & Taplin, A. H. (1991). A test of an expanded theory of reasoned action to predict mammography participation. Social Science Medicine, 32(6), 733-741.
Montano, D. E., Thompson, B., Taylor, V. M., & Mahlch, J. (1997). Understanding mammography intention and utilization among women in an inner city public hospital clinic. Preventive Medicine, 23, 817-824.
Mullen, P. D., Hersey, J. C. & Iverson D. C. (1987). Health behavior models compared. Social Science and Medicine, 24(11), 973-981.
Murata, P. J., & Young, L. C. (1993). Physicians'' attitudes and behaviors regarding hepatitis B immunization. Journal of Family Practice, 36, 163-168.
Murray, M., & McMillan, C. (1993). Health beliefs, locus of control, emotional control and women''s cancer screening behaviour. The British Psychological Society, 32, 87-100.
Myers, R. E., & Ross E. S.（1994）. Modeling adherence to colorectal cancer screening. Preventive Medicine, 23, 142-151.
Myers, R. E., Trock, B. J., Lerman, C., Wolf, T. M., Ross, E. S., & Engstron, P. E. (1994). Adherence to colorectal cancer screening in an HBO population. Preventive Medicine, 19, 502-514.
Myers, R. E., Vernon, S. W., Tilley, B. C., Lu, M., & Watts, B. G. (1998). Intention to screen for colorectal cancer among white male employees. Preventive Medicine, 27(2), 279-287.
Myers, R. E., Wolf, T. A., McKee, L., McGrory, G., Burgh, D. Y., Nelson, G., & Nelson, G. A. (1996). Intention to screen for colorectal cancer among white male employees. Cancer, 78(3), 471-479.
Nemeck, M. A. (1990). Health beliefs and breast self-examination among black women. Health Values,14, 41-52.
Norman, P., & Bennett, P. (1996). Health locus of control . In M. Conner, & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (pp. 62-94). Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and Prediction, 2nd ed. CBS College Publication.
Pender, N. J. (1975). A conceptual model for preventive health behavior. Nursing Outlook, 23(6), 385-360.
Pirie, P. L., Walter , S. E., Daniel, M. M., Maurice, B. M., Russell, V. L., & Henry, B. (1986). Characteristics of participants and nonparticipants in a community cardiovascular disease risk factor screening：The Minnesota health program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2(1), 20-25.
Podolsky, D. K., Isselbacher, K. J. (1994). Alcohol-related liver disease and cirrhosis. In K. J. Isselbacher, E. Braunwald, J. D. Wilson, J. B. Martin, A. S. Fauci, & D. L. Kasper (Eds), Harrison''s Principles of Internal Medicine (13rd ed, pp. 1483-1495). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328-335.
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New York: Prentice-Hall.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal and external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80, 1-28.
Rutledge, D. N., & Davis, G. T.(1988). Breast self-examination compliance and the health belief model. Oncology Nursing Forum, 15(2), 175-179.
Salazar, M. K. (1991). Comparison of four behavior theories. AAOHN Journal, 39(3), 128-135.
Schweitzer, I. L., Wing, A., & McPeak, C. (1972). Hepatitis and hepatitis associated antigen in 56 mother-infant pairs. Journal of American Medical Association, 220, 1092.
Seow, A., Wong, M. L., Smith, W. C., & Lee, H. P. (1995). Beliefs and attitude as determinants of cervical cancer screening: A community-based study in Singapore. Preventive Medicine, 24(2), 134-141.
Shepperd, S. L., Solomon, L. J., Atkins, E., Foster, R. S. Jr, & Frankowski, B. (1990) . Determinants of breast self-examination among women of lower income and lower education. Journal of Behavior Medicine, 13(4), 259-371.
Stein J.A., Fox S. A., Murata P. J. & Morisky D. E. (1992). Mammography usage and health belief model. Health Education Quarterly, 19(4), 447-462.
Stevens, C. E., Neurath, R. A., Beasley, R. P., & Szmuness, W. (1979). HBeAg and Anti-HBe detection by radio-immunoassay： Correlation with vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan. Journal of Virology, 3, 327-341.
Sung, J. L., Chen, D. S., & Lai, M.Y. (1984). Epidemiological study on hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan. Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology, 1, 1-9.
Taplin, S., Anderman, C., & Grothaus, L. (1989). Breast cancer risk and participation in mammographic screening. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 1494-1498.
Taylor, V. M., Taplin, S.H., Urban, N., White, E., & Peacock, S. (1995). Repeat mammography use among women ages 50-75. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, ans Prevention, 4(4), 409-413.
Thomas, L. R., Fox, S. A., Leake, B. G., & Roetzheim, R. G. (1996) . The effects health beliefs on screening mammography utilization among a diverse sample of older women. Women Health, 24(3), 77-94.
Wallston, B. S., & Wallston, K. A. (1978). Locus of control and health ：A review of the literature. Health Education Monographs, 6(2), 107-117.
Wallston, B. S., Wallston, K. A., & DeVellis, R.(1978). Develpoment of the multidimensional health locus of control scale. Health Education Monographs, 6(2), 160-170.
Wallston, K., Wallston, B. (1981). Health locus of control scales. In H. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct (pp. 189-241). New York: Academic Press.
Wallston, K., Wallston, B., Smith, S., & Dobbins, C. (1987). Perceived control and health . Current Psychological Research and Reviews, 6, 5-25.
Wang, H. H., & Hou, M. F.(1993). Diagnostic delay and related factors in women with breast cancer. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Tsa Chih, 9(2),103-113.
World Health Organization (1998). Health promotion glossary. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wu, J. S., Chen, C. H., Chiang , Y. H., Lee, Y. C., Lee, M. H., & Ko, Y. C. (1980). Hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan with reference to anti-HBc versus HBsAg and anti-HBs. Journal of Formosan Medical Association, 79, 760-767.
Wyper, M. A. (1990). Breast self-examination and health belief model. Research in Nursing & Health, 13, 421-428.
Zapka, J. G., Stoddard, A. M., Costanza, M. E., Greene, H. L. (1989). Breast cancer screening by mammography: Utilization and associated factors. American Journal of Public Health, 79(11), 1499-1502.