臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

全世界蜂膠的製造一直在增加當中，主要的蜂膠製造商包括大陸、巴西、美國、澳洲和烏拉圭。類黃酮（flavonoids）是蜂膠具生物活性的主要成分，至少有38種類黃酮被發現存在蜂膠之中，許多文獻都指出蜂膠具有很強的抗微生物效果，已經證實的，至少對16種細菌（包括MRSA）、4種黴菌和多種濾過性病毒（包括疹病毒; herpes）有抑制作用。其他的治療功效，包括抗癌作用、抗氧化作用、傷口癒合與組織修復作用、麻醉、免疫系統功能、心臟血管作用及牙齒保健作用。臨床研究指出，蜂膠可以有效治療氣管炎及其他類似疾病，牙齦炎和牙菌斑、癬病與皮膚黴菌感染、皮膚潰瘍、燒傷和膿瘍、耳疾、陰道和子宮頸炎、梨形鞭毛蟲病（giardia）。
早期蜂膠的萃取主要以酒精為主，但這種傳統式的醇抽取法無法有效萃取礦物質且抽出物中的蠟質含量相當高，1976年Salomon, Sven E.於蜂膠粉末中加Mg gluconate 溶於水加熱沸騰以增加蜂膠於水中之溶解度，1982年Trandafir, V.等人以蜂膠加Collagen hydrolyzate溶入酒精水溶液中製成劑型。本研究基於蜂膠之親脂性及親水性之考量，希望製得一安定性高，適用於口服的劑型，因此於50﹪w/w乙醇蜂膠萃取液中添加助溶劑PG (propylene glycol)、乳化劑pluronic F-68、cremophor RH 60以增加其水溶性。
故本實驗分為二大部份：
(一)為水溶性蜂膠處方的研究
由第一部分的實驗得一水溶性處方：
50 % w/w Ethanol Propolis Extract 20 g
PG 50 g
Pluronic F-68 20 g
Dis H2O 10 g
Cremophor RH60 50 g
(二)水溶性蜂膠萃取液療效的研究
第二部分的實驗共分為三大部分
(1)抗癌：蜂膠對於以DMBA誘致倉鼠頰袋癌的化學預防作用。
(2)抗自由基：(a)以黏度測定法。(b)以黃嘌呤---黃嘌呤氧化產生之生化反應，探討蜂膠萃取液對活性氧類與超氧自由基的抗氧化能力。
(3)對精蟲活動力的影響
其中抗癌的實驗需要進一步的設計外，抗自由基的實驗證實蜂膠萃取液確實具備良好的抗氧化能力，且水溶性蜂膠萃取液比傳統的酒精性蜂膠萃取液效果好。而對精蟲活動力的影響，因為蜂膠萃取液雖具備SOD之類似活性，但也因為SOD無法去除影響精蟲品質的ROS，故對精蟲活動力沒有任何正面影響。
本論文的重要突破之一是建立了蜂膠在一些療效試驗中的實驗模式，希望能對天然物質的研究者，提供了一點可行的方針和拙見。

World propolis production is increasing substantially. Major producers include China, Brazil, US, Australia and Uruguay. Flavonoids account for much of the biological activity in propolis. At least 38 flavonoids have been found in propolis because of the high levels of flavonoids in propolis.
This product has high value as an antioxidant and as free radical scavenger in humans. A large number of studies have shown propolis to be highly antimicrobial. Propolis has been found to have an inhibitory effect on at least 16 species of bacteria (including MRSA), 4 species of fungi, and a range of viruses (including herpes). Propolis has been shown to have a range of other therapeutic properties, including anticancer effects, antioxidant effect, wound healing and tissue repair effects, anesthetic effects, effects on immune and cardiovascular system and dental care effects. Clinical studies have shown propolis to be effective in the treatment of bronchitis and similiar disorders, such as gingivitis, plaque, ringworm, skin fungi, skin ulcers, burns and abscesses, ear diseases, vaginal and cervical inflammation, and giardia.
In the past, ethanol extraction was the major method for refining propolis, but it was not as effective in extracting minerals and contained high wax content in such products by this classical method. Salomon, Sven E. in 1976, mixed propolis powder and magnesium gluconate together in water, then boiled it to elevate the solubility of its properties in water. Trandafir et al., in 1982, prepared propolis products by combining it with collagen hydrolyzate in an ethanol solution. In this study, based on the lipophilic and hydrophilic properties of propolis, we tried to develop an oral preparation of propolis with a high stability over a long period of time. We added cosolvent PG, emulsifying agent pluronic F-68 and cremophor RH60 to 50% w/w ethanol propolis extract to increase its aqueous solubility. The two objectives that we research in this study are (1) study the formulation of the water-soluble propolis extracts (2) the therapeutic effect of water-soluble extract of propolis.
The result of our first study was a water-soluble preparation that contains 20 grams of 50% w/w ethanol propolis extract , 50 grams of PG, 20 grams of pluronic F-68, 10 grams of distilled water, and 50 grams of cremophor RH60. The second part of this study was divided into 3 groups: (1) anti-cancer effect (the preventive effect of propolis to DMBA-induced buccal cancer of hamsters) (2) anti-oxidant effects, i.e. the anti-free radical effects (Evaluating the anti-oxidization effect of propolis extracts for superoxide free radicals and reactive oxygen species by viscosimetry and the biochemical reaction of xanthine and xanthine oxidase respectively (3) the effects on sperm motility.
The results have shown that we need further investigation about the anti-cancer effect of propolis. The water-soluble propolis extract has a better anti-free radical effect than the classical ethanol propolis extracts. Although propolis extract has a similar activity as SOD, SOD can not eradicate the negative effect of ROS on sperm. So propolis extract has no positive effect on sperm motility.
One of the major objectives of this study was to establish some new experimental models for the evaluation of the therapeutic effects of propolis. We hope these new models will offer the researchers some different alternatives in studying natural materials.

封面
目錄
附表目錄
附圖目錄
中文摘要
英文摘要
第一章 緒言
一、蜂膠在漢醫處方之療效應用
二、蜂膠的基源
三、蜜蜂收蜂膠
四、蜂膠特性
五、組成與成分
六、藥理活性
七、臨床應用
八、參考文獻
第二章 水溶性蜂膠處方之研究
一、摘要
二、前言
三、實驗方法 (I)研究材料
(II)實驗步驟
四、結果
五、討論
六、參考文獻
第三章 蜂膠對DBMBA誘致倉鼠頰袋癌的化學預防作用
一、摘要
二、前言
三、實驗材料與方去
四、結果
五、討論
六、參考文獻
第四章 蜂膠萃取液對活性氣類(ROS)的抗氧化能力
一、摘要
二、前言
三、實驗材料與方法
四、結果
五、討論
六、參考文獻
第五章 蜂膠萃取液對超氧化自由的抗氧化能力
一、摘要
二、前言
三、實驗材料與方法
四、結果
五、討論
六、參考文獻
第六章 蜂膠萃取液對人類精蟲活動力的影響
一、摘要
二、前言
三、實驗材料與方法
四、結果
五、討論
六、參考文獻
總結論

1. 新編中藥辭典(下)(1985)：新文豐出版公司印行：P 2793-2794
2. Ghisalberti, E. L. Propolis：A review，Bee Wld, 60(1979)
59-84
3. Helfenberg, K. D. The analysis of beeswax and propolis
Chemikerzeitung CA 2(1908) 192
4. Jaubert, G. F. Origin of the colour of beeswax and the composition
of propolis. C. R. hebd. seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 184, 1134-1136 In
French CA 21(1926) 2509
5. Rosch, G. A. Observations on propolis-collecting bees.
Biol. Zbl. 47 (1927) 113 In German B
6. Vansell, G. H., Bisson, C. S. The characteristics, contaminants, processing and uses of beeswax. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Entomol. Plant Quarantine (1940)E-495, 11pp.
7. Propavko, S. A. Isolation and identification of the main
components of propolis. 22nd Inst. Beekeep. Summ. (1969)163-4
(Russ) From Apicult Abstr. 1970, 21(3), 127
8. Nagy, E., Papay, V., Litkei, G., Dinya, Z. Investigation of
the chemical constituents,particularly the flavonoid components
of propolis and Populi gemma by the GC/MS method. Stud. Org.
Chem. (1986) (Amsterdam), 23(Flavonoids Bioflavonoids, 1985) 223-32 (Eng)
9.Cliff Van Eaton (1998) Propolis research. http:// www. wave. co.nz / pages /comvita/propolis_research_full.htm
10. Tomas-Barberan, F. A., Ferreres, F., Garcia-Viguera, Cristina,
Tomas-Lorente, F. Flavonoid analysis in the determination of the
geographical and botanical origin of honey. Bull. Liaison-Groupe
Polyphenols. 16 (1992) 233-6 (Eng)
11. Bankova, V., Marcucci, M. C., Simova, S., Nikolova, N., Kuju.
Z. Naturforsch., C：Biosci. 51(1996) 227-280 (Eng)
12. Alfonsus, E. C. Some sources of propolis. Glean. Bee Cult.
61(1933) 92-93
13. Aliev,B.A. Utilisation locale du produit des abeilles, propolis en oto-rhino-laryngologie pratique. Vest., Oto-rino-lar.30(1968)105 In Russian BS 30(1969)7140
14. Cattorini, P. E. Le api e gli uomini [Bees and men] Fitoterapia 34 (1963) 85-93
15. Mcgregor, S. E. Collection and utilization of propolis and pollen by caged honey bee colonies. Am. Bee F.92 (1952) 20-21
16. Meyer, W. Propolis bees and their activities. Bee Wld 37(1956) 25-36 B, AA156/58
17. Sokolov, I. V., Torgov, I. V.: Flavonoid aglycons in propolis and its sources, Khin. Prir. Soedin 4(1990) 550-551 (Russ)
18. Bankova, V., Popov, S., Bocari, G., Haxhialushi, E. Phenolics in Albanian poplar buds and their relationship to propolis. Fitoterapia, 65 (1994) 326-330
19. Johnson, K. S., Eischen, F. A., Giannasi, D. E. Chemical composition of North American bee propolis and biological activity towards larvae of greater wax moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), J. chem. Ecol., 20(1994) 1783-91
20. Haydak, M. H. Propolis, State of Iowa, Rept, state Apiarist (1953) 74-87
21. 李榮明(1994)台北醫學院藥學研究所碩士論文：蜂膠黃酮類之定量分析及日本金粉蕨帖類成分之研究：P1
22. Heinen, W., Linskens, H. F. Occurrence of fatty acids in propolis. Port. Acta. Biol., Ser. A. 12 (1972) 65-76
23. Cizmarik, J., Matel, I., Chemical composition of propolis (II): Isolation and identification of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (ferulic acid) from propolis. J. Apicult. Res. 12 (1973) 52-4 (Eng)
24. Tikhonov, A. I., Krivenchuk, P. E. Preparation of biologically active polyphenols from propolis, U. S. S. R. 395087, 28Aug. 1973 From Otkrytiya, Izobret., Prom obraztsy, Tovarnye Znaki, 50 (1973) 14
25. Janes, K. Bumba, V., Veda. Vyzk, P. Contribution to the topic of propolis composition. Prum. 26(1974) 157-62(Czech)
26. Schneidewind, E. M., Kala, H., Linzer, B., Metzner, J. On the Knowledge of the constituents of propolis., Pharmazie, 30 (1975) 803 (Ger)
27. Tikhonov, A. I., Salo, D. P., Kolomiets, D. P., Rybalko, N. G. physicochemical and microbiological properties and quantitative determinations of water-soluble polyphenol preparations from propolis. Farm. Zh. (Kiev) 30 (1975) 42-8 (Ukrain)
28. Barskov, A. A., Kivalkina, V. P.,Gubkina, N. I., Shaikhutdinov, V. A., Talan, V. A., Isolation of essential oils from propolis and study of their antimicrobic activity. Uch. Zap Kazan.Vet Inst. 117(1976) 141-7 (Russ)
29. Tikhonov, A. I., Dranik, L. I., Litvinenko, V. I. Components of a water-soluble polyphenol preparation of propolis. Khim. Prip. Soedin. 3 (1977) 416-17 (Russ)
30. Ghisalberti, E. L., Jefferies, P. R., Lanteri, R., Matisons, J. Constituents of propolis. Experientia. 34 (1978) 157-8 (Eng)
31. Bankova, V., Popov, S., Marekov, N. Flavonoids from propolis. Int. Conf. Chem. Biotechnol. Biol. Act. Nat. Propd, Ist 3 (1981) 104-10 (Eng)
32. Kaczmarek, F., Debowski, W. J. a- and β-Amylase in propolis. Acta Pol. Pharm. 40 (1983) 121 (Pol)
33. Maciejewicz, W., Scheller, S., Daniewski. M. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study of propolis.Analysis of sesquiterpenes. Acta Pol. Pharm. 40 (1983) 251-3 (Eng)
34. Macieijewicz, W., Daniewski, M., Mielniczuk, Z. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study of propolis. Analysis of phenolic acids and Sugars. Chem. Anal. 29 (1984), 421-7
35. Moreira, T. F. Chemical composition of propolis: Vitamins and amino acids. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 1 (1986)12-19 (Port)
36. Ellnain-Wojtaszek, M., Marcinek, A., Kowalewski, Z., Hladon, B., Sloderbach, A. Standardization of propolis extracts using the Quantitative determination of flavonoids. Herba Pol. 36(4), 145-53 (Pol)
37. Seifert, M., Haslinger, E. Constituents of propolis II, Liebigs Ann. Chem.2 (1991) 93-97
38. Christov, R. and Bankov, V. Gas chromatographic analysis of underivatized phenolic constituents from propolis using an electron-capture detector. Journal of chromatography, 623 (1992) 182-185
39. Chi, H., Hsieh, A. K., Ng, C. L., Lee, H. K., Li, S. F. Y. Determination of components in propolis by capillary electrophoresis and photodiode array detection. Journal of chromatography A, 680 (1994) 593-597
40. Walker, P. and Crane, E. Constituents of propolis, Apidologie, 18 (1987) 327-334
41. Vanhaelen, M., Vanhaelen-Fastre R. Propolis (I), Originemicrographie composition chimique et activite therapeutique, J. Pharm. Belg., 34 (1979) 253-259
42. Vanhaelen, M., Vanhaelen-Fastre, R. Propolis II. Identification par chromatographics haute-performance ( liguide, gaz-liquide et sur couches minces) des constituants. Ibid., 34 (1979) 317-328
43. Mochida, S., Haga, M., Takino, Y. Chemical Constituents and anti-microbial activity of Japanese propolis. Proc. 30 int. Beekeeping Congr., (1985)455-456
44. Popravko, S. A. Plant sources of propolis. Pchelovodstvo, 96 (1976) 38-41
45. Konig, B. Antiviral drugs from propolis. Bee Wld, to be Published. (1987)
46. Bankova, V. S., Popov, S. S., Marekov N. L. A study of flavonoids of propolis. J. Natur. Prod., 46 (1983) 771-774
47. Deblock-Bostyn, G. L''abeille et ses produits. Bull. Soc. Pharm. Lille, 38 (1982) 181-203. Fahn A., 1986-Personal communication.
48. Maciejexwicz, W. Chemical composition of propolis. latest investigation and own research. International Symposium on Apitherapy, Cracow, Poland, (1985) 23-25
49 Mcgregor, S. E. Collection and Utilization of propolis and pollen by caged honey bee colonies. Am. Bee J., 92 (1952) 20-21
50. Maciejewicz, W., Daniewski, M., Mielniczuk, Z. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigation of propolis. Analysis of phenolic acids and sugars. Chemia Analit. (narsaw), 29 (1984)421-427
51. Maciejewicz, W. et al., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigation of propolis. Analysis of sesquiterpenes, Acta Polon. Pharm., 40 (1983) 251-253
52. Popravko, C. A., Sokolov I. V., Torgov I. V. Derivatives of unsaturated aromatic alcohols in propolis and gum benzoin. Khim. prir. Soedin., 1 (1984) 152-160
53. Popravko,C.A., Sokolov, I.V., Torgov I.V. New natural phenolic triglycerides. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 2 (1982) 169-173
54. Kholodova, Y. D. et al., Squalene, lanosterol and cholesterol of propolis and its probable sources. Khim. Biol. Nauki 5 (1981) 88-90
55. Konig , B., Plant sources of propolis. Bee Wld, 66 (1985) 136-139
56. Konig, B., Dustmann, J. H., Propolis und Viren：der gegen wartige Forschungsstand. Apidologie, 17 (1986) 334-336
57. Maciejewicz, W. et al., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigation of propolis. Analysis of β-steroids. Acta Polon. Pharm., 39 (1982) 277-279
58. Scheller S. et al., Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. I. Some physico-chemical properties of propolis. Arzneimittel-Forsch., 27 (1977) 889-890
59. Marinescu, I., Tamas, M. Phytochemical analysis of poplar buds, a possible source of propolis. Apicultura in Romania, 54 (1979) 14-16; 55 (1980) 21-22
60. Bankova, V., Christor, R., Stoev, G. and Popov, S. Determination of phenolics from propolis by capillary gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 607(1992) 150-153. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
61. Gabrys, J. et al., Free amino acids in bee hive product (propolis) as identified and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. Pharm. Res. Comm., 18 (1986) 513-518
62. Chi, Jiaping; Xue, Bingwen; Chen, Haisheng The chemical constituents of flavonoids from Liaoxi propolis. Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi. 31(1996) 264-266 (Ch)
63. Bankova, V. S., Popov, S. S., Marekov, N. L. Isopentenyl cinnamates from poplar buds and propolis. Phytochemistry 28 (1989) 871-873.
64. Suchy,V., Tekelova, D., Grancai, D., Nagy, M., Dolejs, L., Tomko, J. Study of the substances contained in propolis of Czechoslovak origin in. III. Flavonone derivatives. Cesk. Farm. 34 (1985) 405-407 (Czech).
65. Kondo, A., Kondo, R. (1992) Preparation of water-soluble propolis. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo koho JP 04, 262, 752 (92, 262, 752)
(1) Cliff Van Eaton (1998) A review of propolis research
http://www.wave.co.nz/pages/comvita/propolis_research_full. htm
(2) Wade, A. and Weller, P. J. Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients, II edition, (1994) 407-408
(3) Wade, A. and Weller, P. J. Handbook of pharmceutical excipient, II edition, (1994) 352-354
(4) Wade, A. and Weller, P.J. Handbook of pharmceutical excipient, II edition, (1994) 371-374
(5) Oita, N., Palos, E., Filipovici, C. Antiseptic and antiinflammatory Pharmaceutical composition containing bee products. Rom. (1979) 69,702
(6) Ogilets, M. V., Gorshkova, N. V., Korobka, Y. T., Kolobutina, V. A., Koroleva, N. B., Zalem, Z. Y., Shamarin, Y. E., Borisenkova, A. I. Deodorant. U. S. S. R. SU. (1985 )1, 169, 654
(7) Chilea, I. M. et al., Pharmaceutical containing chloramphenicol and propolis extract for the treatment of skin diseases. Rom. RO (1987) 91, 512
(8) Dubaj, J., Dubajova, J., Hrusovska, Z., Szcechenyl, S., Dubajova, D., Spisak, M., Kovac, S., Kravarik, D., Orsag, A. Agent for the regeneration of damaged tissue containing Pantothenic acid, zinc, and extract of propolis. Czech. CS(1988) 253, 424
(9) Marchenk, A. I., Feaorov, Y. A., Volodkina, V. V., Ryabchikova, A. I., Vasilenko, E. I., Shevchenko, L. S. Toothpaste U. S. S. R. (1968) 232, 470, 71
(10) Sklyar. V. E., Tereshina, T. P., Mozgovaya, N. V., Gorshkova, N. V., Ogilets, M. V., Danilova, A. P., Korobka, Y. T., Kolobutina,V. A., Gondel, V. P., Varava, G. N. Toothpaste U. S. S. R .SU 1, 263, 247 Otkrytiya Otkrytiya, Izobret. 38 (1986) 10
(11) Parele, E. Skin cream. U. S. S. R. 249, 564 From Otkrytiya, Izobret. Prom. Obraztsy, Tovarnye Znaki 46 (1969) (25), 55
(12) Ogilets, M. V., Kakovskaya, N. F., Konovalchikova, N. F., Gorelik, B. S., Buryakhlykh, L. V. Facial skin cream for acne treatment.U. S. S. R. SU 1, 243, 728 From Otkrytiya, Izobret 26 (1986) 19-20
(13) Atudorei, V., Szabo, E., Atudorei, T., Tataru, A. EDTA-containing epithelizing, cicatrizing and antiseptic ointment. Rom. RO 92 (1987) 915
(14) Verbovsky, A., Kleine-Natrop, Heinz, E., Seebacher, C., Pfeiffer, E., Kurtessis, N. Pharmaceutical preparation for treatment of dermatological diseases. Ger. (East) 109, 511; 12 Nov. 1974, Appl. 176, 336, 04 Feb 1974, 9 pp.
(15) Ghilea, I. M., Musat, S., Ghilea, F. M. Pharmaceutical containing chloramphenicol and propolis extract for the treatment of skin diseases. Rom. RO 91 (1987) 512
(16) Palos, E., Oita, N., Andrei, C. Sunscreen ointment. Rom. (1975)59, 239, Appl. 70, 924, 17 May 1972; 2pp.
(17) Ogilets, M. V., Ziemele, R.; Piesins, V., Auzina, L., Brangulis, K., Braslins, U. Facial skin cream sunscreen containing mink oil. U. S. S. R. SU 1, 255, 133. From Otkrytiya, Izobret. 33 (1986)13
(18) Tikhonov, A. I., Gendrolis, A. Solutoin " Propomix "-eye drops with a polyphenol propolis agent. Farm. Zh. 4 (1977) 81-86.
(19) Pilz, I., Speteanu, R. Cosmetic powder with calming and antiseptic effect. Rom. (1978) 67, 909
(20) Popescu, H., Polinicencu , C., Atansiu, P., Predescu, E. Antiherpes ointment.Rom. RO (1985)86,003
(21) Ogilets, M. V., Gorshkova, N. V., Korobka, Y. T., Kolobutina, V. A., Koroleva, N. B., Zalem, Z. Y., Shamarin, Y. E., Borisenlkova, A. I. Deodorant. U. S. S. R. SU (1985)1, 169, 654
(22) Mihail, N., Nistor, C., Nistor, V., Nistor, C. C. Gel for regeneration of the epithelium. Rom. RO (1986) 88, 580, 2pp.
(23) Dubaj, J., Dubajora, J., Hrusovska, Z., Szcechenyi, S., Dubajova, D., Spisak, M., Kovac, S., Kravarik, D., Orsag, A. Agent for the regeneration of damaged tissue containing pantothenic acid, zinc, and extract of propolis. Czech. CS (1988) 253, 424, 13 pp.
(24) Villalobos E., Antonio, S.A. Multiple-use dermatological cream. Span. ES 2080, 697(1996) 6 pp.
(25) Nakhimovskaya, Z. I., Grikitis, E. and Smiltena, A., Preparation for treating diseases of oral cavity mucosa. U. S. S. R. 267, 014 From Otkrytiya, Izobret., Prom. Obraztsy, Tovarnye Znaki, 47(1970) 12,80
(26) Trandafir, V., Dumitru, D., Balica, S., Calavre, V. Solution for treatment of oral mucous membrane diseases. Rom. RO. (1982) 76, 103, 2 pp.
(27) Polinicencu, C., Popescu, H., Nistor, C., Ban, I. Antihemorrhoidal tablets. Rom. RO (1982) 75, 556, 2 pp.
(28) Nistor, C., Onisor, M., Cacoveanu, A., Sirbu, T., Nistor, C. C. Preparation for combatting the smoking habit. Rom. RO (1984) 85, 679, 2 pp.
(29) Nistor, C., Onisor, M., Nistor, V., Cacoveanu, A., Nistor, C. C. Drug for treatment of porostate cancer. Rom. RO (1985) 87, 149, 2 pp.
(30) Nistor, C., Pascu-Cristescu, S., Mihail, N., Nistor, V. Composition for treatment of gastric anacidity. Rom. RO (1986) 88, 581, 2 pp.
(31) Nicolac, M., Nistor, C., Makkay, K., Nistor, V. Hepatotrophic preparation. Rom. RO (1986 )88,354, 3 pp.
(32)Mihail, N., Nistor, C., Makkay, C., Nistor, V., Onisor, M. Drug for treatment of liver diseases. Rom. RO (1986) 88,868, Appl. 112, 267, 1983, 3pp.
(33) Matsuda, S. Propolis as health food. Mitsubachi kagaku, 15 (4) (1994 ) 145-154 (Japan)
(34) Matsuda, S. Propolis. Health food. Foods Food Ingredients J. Jpn. 160(1994) 64-73 (Japan)
(1) Silverman, S. and Griffith, M. Smoking characteristics of patients with oral carcinoma and the risk for second oral primary carcinoma. JADA 85 (1972) 637-640
(2) Kissin, B., Kaley, M. M., Su, W. H., Lerner, R. Head and neck cancer in alcoholics. JAMA 224(1973) 1174-1175
(3) Kwan, H. W. A statistical study on oral carcinomas in Taiwan with emphasis on the relationship with betal nut chewing: a preliminary report. J. Formosan Med. Assoc. 75(1976) 497-505
(4) Tennekoon, G. E. and Bartlett, G. C. Effect of betel chewing on the oral mucosa. Brit. J. Cancer 23(1969) 39-43
(5) Scully, C., Ward-Booth, P. Oral carcinoma:evidence for viral oncogenesis. Brit. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 22 (1984) 367-371
(6) Ko, Y. C., Chiang, T. A., Chang, S. J. et al. Prevalence of betal quid chewing habit in Taiwan and related sociodemographic factors. J Oral Pathol Med., 21 (1992) 261-264
(7) Huang, J.-S., Kok, S.-H., and Kuo, Y.-S. Oral cancers in Taiwan: review of the literature. Chinese J Oral and Maxillofacial Surg. 5(1994)13-22
(8) Havsteen, B. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochemical Pharmacology, 32 (1983) 1141-48
(9) Guarini, L., Su, Z. Z., Zucker, S., Lin, J., Grunberger, D., Fisher, P. B. Growth inhibition and modulation of antigenic phenotype in human melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme cells by caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). Cell Mol. Biol. 38(1992) 513-27
(10) Dobrowolski, J.W., Vohora, S.B., Sharma, K., Shah, S.A., Naqvi, S. A., Dandiya, P. C. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic studies on propolis bee product. J Ethnopharmacol. 35(1991) 77-82
(11) Grange, J. M., Davey, R. W. Antibacterial properties of propolis {bee glue}. J Royal Soc. Med. 83 (1990)159-160
(12) Serkedjieva, J., Manolova, N., Bankova, V. Anti-influenza virus effect of some propolis constituents and their analogues (esters of substituted cinnamic acid). J Nat. Prod. 55(1992) 294-302
(13) Dimov, V., Ivanovska, N., Bankova, V., Popov, S. Immunomodulatory action of propolis: IV. Prophylactic activity against gram-negative infections and adjuvant effect of the water-soluble derivatives. Vaccine 10 (1992) 817-23
(14) Krol, W., Czuba, Z., Scheller, S., Gabrys, J., Grabiec, S., Shani, J. Anti-oxidant property of ethanolic extract of propolis [EEP] as evaluated by inhibiting the chemoluminiscence of luminol. Biochem. Int., 21(1990) 593-97
(15) Morris, A. L. Factors influencing experimental carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch. J Dent Res 40(1961) 3-15
(16) Chiao, C., Carothers, A. M., Grunberger, D., Solomon, G., Preston, G.A., Barrett, J.C. Apotosis and altered redox state induced by caffeic acid phenethyl ester in transformed rat fibroblast cells. Cancer Res. 55(1995)3576-3583
(17) Frenkel, K., Wei, H., Bhimani, R. et al., Inhibition of tumor promoter-mediated processes in mouse skin and bovine lens by caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Cancer Res. 53(1993)1255-1261
(18) Rao, C.V., Desai, D., Rivenson, A., Simi, B., Amin, S., Reddy, B.S. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by phenylethyl-3-methylcaffeate. Cancer Res 55(1995)2310-2315
(19) Yura, Y., Tsujimoto, H., Kusaka, J., Yoshida, H., Sato, M. Hexamethylene bisacetamide as a chemopreventive agent in hamster cheek pouch tumorigenesis. Eur J Cancer, Oral Oncol. 32B(1996)246-250
(1)Marcollect, M., Bastide, P., Tronche, P. Angioprotective effects of anthocyanisides of Vaccinum myrtillus shown by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and their cardiac isoenzymes in rats subjected to swimming test. C. R. Soc. Biol. 163 (1969) 1786-1789
(2)Brasseur, T. Anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids. J. Pharm. Belg. 44 (1989) 235-241
(3)Tubaro, A., Del-Negro, P., Bianchi, P., Romussi, G., Della -Loggis, R. Topical Anti-inflammatory activity of a new acylated flavonoid. Agents. Act 26(1989) 229-230
(4)Bors, W., Saran, M. Radical scavenging by flavonoid antioxidants. Free Radical Res. Comms 2(1987) 289-294
(5)Darmon, N., Fernandes, Y., Cambon-Gros, C., Mutjavila, S. Quantification of the scavenger capacity of different flavonoids with regard to the superoxide ion. Food Addit. Contam. 7(1990) 60-63
(6)Baumann, J., Bruchhaussen, F., Wurm, G. Prostaglandins 20(1980) 627-639
(7) Cliff Van Eaton (1998) A review of propolis research http://www.wave.co.nz/pages/comvita/propolis-research-full.htm
(8)Bankova, V., Christov, R., Stoev, G. and Popov, S. J. Chromatogr. 607(1992) 150
(9)Greenaway, W., May, J., Scaysbrook, T. and Whateley, F. R. Identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 150 compounds in propolis. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. 46c (1991) 111-121
(10)Dobrowolski, J.W., Vohora, S.B., Sharma, K., Shah, S.A., Naqvi, S. A., Dandiya, P. C. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic studies on propolis bee product. J Ethnopharmacol. 35(1991) 77-82
(11)Marcollet, M., Bastide, P., Tronche, P. Angioprotective effects of anthocyanisides of Vaccinum myrtillus shown by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and their cardiac isoenzymes in rats subjected to swimming test. C. R. Soc. Biol.163(1969)1786-1789
(12)Krol, W., Czuba, Z., Scheller, S., Gabrys, J., Grabiec, S., Shani, J. Anti-oxidant property of ethanolic extract of propolis [EEP] as evaluated by inhibiting the chemiluminescence of luminol. Biochem. Int. 21(1990) 593-97
(13)Monboisse, J. C., Braquet, P., Randoux, A., Borel, J. P. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32 (1983) 53-58
(14) Bielenberg, J. Med. Mo. Pharm. 11(1992) 343-344.
(1)Marcollect, M., Bastide, P., Tronche, P. Angioprotective effects of anthocyanisides of Vaccinum myrtillus shown by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and their cardiac isoenzymes in rats subjected to swimming test. C. R. Soc. Biol 163 (1969) 1786-1789
(2)Brasseur, T. Anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids. J. Pharm. Belg. 44(1989) 235-241
(3)Tubaro, A., Del Negro, P., Bianchi, P., Romussi, G., Della-Loggis, R. Topical Anti-inflammatory activity of a new acylated flavonoid. Agents. Act 26(1989) 229-230
(4)Bors, W., Saran, M. Radical scavenging by flavonoid antioxidants. Free Radical Res. Comms. 2 (1987) 289-294
(5)Darmon, N., Fernandes, Y., Cambon-Gros, C., Mutjavila, S. Quantification of the scavenger capacity of different flavonoids with regard to the superoxide ion. Food Addit. Contam. 7(1990) 60-63
(6)Baumann, J., Bruchhaussen, F., Wurm, G. Prostaglandins 20(1980) 627-639
(7)Cliff Van Eaton (1998) A review of propolis research
http://www.wave.co.nz/pages/comvita/propolis_research_full. htm
(8)Bankova, V., Christov, R., Stoev, G. and Popov, S. J. Chromatogr. 607(1992) 150
(9)Greenaway, W., May, J., Scaysbrook, T. and Whateley, F. R. Identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 150 compounds in propolis. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. 46c (1991) 111-121
(10)Dobrowolski, J.W., Vohora, S.B., Sharma, K., Shah, S.A., Naqvi, S. A., Dandiya, P. C. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic studies on propolis bee product. J Ethnopharmacol. 35(1991) 77-82
(11)Marcollet, M., Bastide, P., Tronche, P. Angioprotective effects of anthocyanisides of Vaccinum myrtillus shown by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and their cardiac isoenzymes in rats subjected to swimming test. C. R. Soc. Biol. 163(1969)1786-1789
(12)Krol, W., Czuba, Z., Scheller, S., Gabrys, J., Grabiec, S., Shani, J. Anti-oxidant property of ethanolic extract of propolis [EEP] as evaluated by inhibiting the chemiluminescence of luminol. Biochem. Int. 21(1990) 593-97
(13)Monboisse, J. C., Braquet, P., Randoux, A., Borel, J. P. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32 (1983) 53-58
(14)Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C. 9eds., in: Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1989)
(15) Sies, H. (ed.) in Oxidative Stress Oxidants and antioxidants, pp 650, Academic Press, New York (1991)
(16) Bielenberg, J. Med. Mo. Pharm.11 (1992) 343-344
1. Lamirande, E. D., Hassouna, M., Leduc B. E., Gagnon, C., Iwasaki, A., Increased reactive oxygen species formation in semen of patients with spinal cord injury. Fertil. Steril. 63(1995) 637-642
2. Iwasaki, A., Gagnon, C. Formation of reactive oxygen species in
spermatozoa of infertile patients. Fertil. Steril. 57(1992) 409
3. Holland, M. K., Alvarez, J. G., Storey, B.T. Production of superoxide and activity of superoxide dismutase in rabbit epididymal spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 27(1982) 1109
4. Aitken, R. J., Wast, K. M. Analysis of the reationship between reactive oxygen species production and leukocyte infiltration in fraction of human semen separated on Percoll gradients. Irot. J. Androl. 13 (1990) 433-451
5. Tosic, J. Mechanism of hydrogen peroxide formation by spermatozoa and the role of amino acids in sperm motility. Nature 159(1947) 544
6. Lamirande, E. D., Gagnon, C. Impact of reactive oxygen species on spermatozoa: a balancing act between beneficial and detrimental effects. Hum. Reprod. 10 (1995) Supplement 1
7. Hammitt, D.G., Syrop, C. H., Bedia, E., Donovan, J. F., Rogers, P. R., Williamson, R. A. Comparison of motility stimulants for cryopreserved human semen. Fertil. Steril. (1989) 52: 495-502
8. Kovalski, N. N., Lamirande, E. D., Gagnon, C., Reactive oxygen species generated by human neutrophils inhibit sperm motility: protective effect of seminal plasma and scavengers. Fertil. Steril. 58 (1992) 809
9. Brooks, A., Bobby, W., Webster, K. Handbook of the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of infertility. CRC Press, Inc. (1990) 102, 110
10. De Turner, E. A., Aparicio, N. J., Turner, D., Schwarzstein, L. Effect of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Cyclic adenosine 3'',5''-monophosphate, and A b-blocking agent on human sperm motility. Fertil. Steril. 29(1978)No. 3
11. Gykul''khandanyan, G. V. EPR and optical spectra of propolis
extracts. Tezisy Dokl, Molodezhnaya Konf. Org. Sint. Bioorg. Khim.
(1976) 62-63 (Russ)
12. Pascual, C., Gonzalez, R., Torricella, R. G. Scavenging action of
propolis extract against oxygen radicals. J. Ethnopharmacol 41(1-2)(1994) 9-13
13.Cliff Van Eaton A review of Propolis research. (1998)
http://www.wave.co.nz/pages/comvita/propolis_research_full. htm
14. Aitken, R. J., Buckingham, D., Harkiss, D. Use of a xanthine oxidase free radical generating system to investigate the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species on human spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fertil. 97(1993) 441-50
15. Aitken, R.J., Clarkson, J. S., Fishel, S. Generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and human sperm function. Biol. Reprod. 40 (1989) 183-97
16. Aitken, R. J., Irvine, D. S., F.C., Wu, F. C. Prospective analysis of sperm-oocyte fusion and reactive oxygen species generation as criteria for the diagnosis of infertility. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 164 (1991) 542-51
17. Lamirande, E. D., Gagnon, C. Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa II. Depletion of adenosine triphosphate plays an important role in the inhibition of sperm motility. J. Androl. 13 (1992) 379-86
18. Lamirande, E. D., Eiley, D., Gagnon, C. Inverse relationship between the induction of human sperm capacitation and spontaneous acrosome reaction by various biological fluids and the superoxide scavenging capacity of these fluids. International J. Androl. 16(1993) 258-66