臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著臺灣少子高齡化的進展，老年人口佔總人口的比率正快速的增加，因此有必要了解影響中老年人幸福感的因素。目前同時探討收入、金錢正負向態度、五大人格特質、現金期待缺口以及心理幸福感的研究相當罕見，因此本研究欲以結構方程模型建立上述影響心理幸福感因子之間的關係。
本研究為橫斷式問卷調查，並使用「心理幸福感量表」、「金錢態度量表」、「全球化人格量表」做為資料收集工具，將所得資料以描述性統計、t檢定與結構方程模型進行統計分析。
結果發現到中年人在心理幸福感的環境掌控上顯著高於老年人；中年人去年的月均收入顯著高於老年人；中年人在金錢負向態度的不信任向度上顯著低於老年人；中年人所得低於所得期待，但老年人所得高於所得期待;中年人的所得高於儲蓄期待，但老年人的所得低於儲蓄期待；而中老年人之間在金錢正向態度、人格的外向性與神經質上均不存在顯著差異。
而心理幸福感之結構方程模型獲得支持。此模型顯示外向性程度越高者金錢正向態度越高，代表越會為未來進行財務規畫並謹慎使用金錢，進而可能有較高的收入，而收入越高，現金期待缺口越小，則心理幸福感程度越高。
神經質程度越高者，其金錢負向態度越高，意即越會將金錢視為權力的象徵、越會對金錢的使用抱持懷疑、猶豫不決的態度、越會對於缺錢產生焦慮。金錢負向態度越高者，除了可直接造成現金期待缺口越大，也可藉由收入作為中介變項，造成收入越低，並使得現金期待缺口越大，最後共同造成心理幸福感程度越低。另外，本研究也發現收入對心理幸福感的影響可由現金期待缺口完全中介，代表現金或許可以直接買到幸福，但在所得與期望間的差距之介入下，卻無法再直接買到幸福，而須透過現金期待缺口作為中介。最後，從本研究結果可知，人格的養成和對現金的期待可能影響心理幸福感的發展。

Due to the decreasing birth rate and gradual aging of the Taiwanese society, the elderly accounts for an increasingly large percentage of the overall population. It is thus necessary to gain more understanding on the factors that influence the sense of well-being for middle-aged and older people. To date, few researches have provide in-depth analyses on the correlation between income, positive and negative monetary property, and the assessment of psychological well-being in relation to discrepancy in expected and actual amount of monetary property. Therefore, this study intends to construct a structural equation model to manifest the interrelationship between all the above mentioned factors.
The research is a cross-sectional survey, using Psychological Well-being Scale (PWS), Money Attitude Scale (MAS), International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) for data collection. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, and structural equation modeling.
The study results indicate that middle-aged people gain significantly higher sense of psychological well-being through environmental mastery compared to people in older age, while earning significantly higher monthly income. Middle-aged people also have significantly lower level of negative money attitude than older people, although middle-aged people actually earn lower than they have expected, in contrast to older people who earn more than expected. On the other hand, middle-aged people have income higher than their expected deposit level whereas this is again the opposite for the order people. There are no significant differences between the two groups regarding positive money attitude, the extraversion, and the level of conscientiousness.
The structural equation model on psychological well-being proposed by this study shows excellent fitness. It indicates that a person with a higher level of extraversion tend to have a higher level of positive money attitude. A higher level of positive money attitude further lead to a higher income level, which indicates a smaller discrepancy in expected and actual of monetary property. With these comes a sense of psychological well-being.
On the other hand, Individuals with a lower level of conscientiousness tend to have a higher level of negative money attitude. They tend to view money as a symbol of power or prestige, while showing a doubtful, wishy-washy attitude toward the use of money, and are anxious about being in poverty. A higher level of negative money attitude would not only directly result in a larger gap of expected and actual monetary property but also acts through the income as the intervening variable, which results in a lower income and thus a further gap between expected and actually earned money. These collectively lead to a low sense of well-being. This study also proves that the discrepancy between expected and actual amount of monetary property could translate directly into psychological well-being, namely that while well-being cannot be bought as an immediate commodity with cash, it is influenced by the discrepancy between expected and actual monetary property. Finally, personality cultivation and monetary expectancy of an individual can influence the development of the sense of psychological well-being.

第一章　緒論……………………………………………………....…1
第一節　研究動機……………………………….………………..…1
第二節　研究目的…………………………………….………..……4
第三節　重要名詞釋義……………………………….………..……4
一、中老年人……………………………………………..……4
二、心理幸福感………………………………….….……….…4
三、外向性……………………………………….………..……4
四、神經質…………………………………….……………..…5
五、金錢態度………………………………….…………..……5
六、收入…………………………………………………….……6
七、現金期待缺口………………………………….……..……7

第二章　文獻探討…………………………………………..……..…9
第一節　心理幸福感……………………………………….…..……9
壹、幸福感的概念……………………………………………..…9
貳、主觀幸福感…………………………………………………10
參、心理幸福感…………………………………………………12
一、自主性…………………………………….………..….…13
二、環境掌控…………………………………………………13
三、自我接納…………………………………………………13
四、正向人際關係……………………………………………13
五、個人成長…………………………………………………14
六、生活目的…………………………………………………14
肆、幸福感的理論………………………………………………14
一、需求滿足理論……………………………………………15
二、特質理論…………………………………………………15
三、判斷理論…………………………………………………15
第二節　財富與幸福感……………………………….……………16
壹、收入與幸福感………………………………………………16
貳、相對收入……………………………………………………20
參、現金期待缺口與幸福感……………………………………22
肆、金錢態度……………………………………………………23
一、金錢態度簡介……………………………….……………23
二、金錢態度與幸福感…………………………….…………28
三、金錢態度的影響因子………………………….…………31
第三節　人格特質……………………………………….…………32
壹、人格特質……………………………………………………32
貳、人格特質與幸福感…………………………………………33
第四節　外向性、神經質、金錢正向態度、收入、金錢負向態度、現金期待缺口與心理幸福感之相關研究………………34
一、兩兩變項間關係…………………………………………34
二、路徑關係模型之建構……………………………………36

第三章　研究方法………………………………..…………………39
第一節　研究變項與架構………………………….………………39
第二節　研究問題……………………..……………..……………41
第三節　研究假設……………………………………………….…42
第四節　研究樣本………………………………….………………42
第五節　研究工具………………………………….………………45
壹、金錢態度量表………………………………………………45
一、量表簡介……………………………….…………………45
二、信效度考驗………………………………….……………47
三、量表編修……………………………….…………………47
四、刪題後之信效度考驗……………………….……………51
五、量表再驗證……………………………………….………53
貳、心理幸福感量表……………………………………………55
一、量表簡介…………………………………………………55
二、信效度考驗………………………………………………57
參、全球化人格量表……………………………………………62
一、量表簡介………………………………….………………62
二、信效度考驗………………………………….……………63
三、量表編修…………………………………….……………63
四、刪題後之信效度考驗………………………….…………65
五、量表再驗證………………………………….……………65
肆、收入…………………………………………………………66
伍、現金期待缺口………………………………………………68
第六節　研究流程………………………………………….………70
一、確認研究主題及文獻探討………………………………70
二、研究工具之選定…………………………………………70
三、問卷施測…………………………………………………70
四、資料處理與分析…………………………………………70
五、撰寫研究報告……………………………………………71
第七節　統計分析方法…………………………………………….71
一、量表信效度分析…………………………………………71
二、現況與差異分析…………………………………………74
三、結構方程模型檢驗………………………………………75

第四章　研究成果…………….……………………………………77
第一節　常態性檢驗………………………………….……………77
第二節　國內中老年人的外向性、神經質、金錢正向態度、金錢負向態度、收入、現金期待缺口與心理幸福感現況…………………………………………………….……79
壹、心理幸福感現況……………………………………………79
貳、中老年人正向金錢態度現況………………………………82
參、中老年人在金錢負向態度之現況…………………………82
肆、中老年人收入現況………….………………………………84
伍、中老年人現金期待缺口現況………………………………86
陸、中老年人人格現況…………………………………………87
第三節　心理幸福感、現金期待缺口、金錢負向態度、收入、金錢正向態度、外向性與神經質之結構…..…….………..89
壹、測量模型檢驗………………………………………………90
貳、測量模型加上結構模型之檢驗……………………………91
第四節　路徑效果檢定…………………………….………………99
一、收入對心理幸福感之中介效果檢定…………….………99
二、金錢負向態度對心理幸福感之中介效果檢定…………102
三、金錢正向態度對心理幸福感之中介效果檢定…………103
四、神經質對心理幸福感之效果檢定………………………104
五、收入對金錢負向態度效果之競爭比較…………………105
六、收入對金錢正向態度效果之競爭比較…………………106

第五章　結果與討論…………………………...…………………109
第一節　研究變項之現況……………………………...…………109
壹、國內中年人與老年人在外向性、神經質、金錢正向態度、金錢負向態度、收入、現金期待缺口、心理幸福感等變項之現況與差異…………………..…………………………109
一、國內中老年人的心理幸福感現況………………………109
二、國內中老年人在金錢正向態度之現況…………………110
三、國內中老年人在金錢負向態度之現況…………………110
四、國內中老年人在收入之現況……………………………111
五、國內中老年人在現金期待缺口之現況…………………111
六、國內中老年人在外向性與神經質之現況………………111
貳、不同性別之中老年人在外向性、神經質、金錢正向態度、金錢負向態度、收入、現金期待缺口、心理幸福感與相對收入等變項之現況與差異……………..…………………112
一、不同性別對心理幸福感之影響…………………………112
二、不同性別在金錢正向態度之現況………………………112
三、不同性別在金錢負向態度之現況………………………112
四、不同性別中老年人在收入之現況………………………112
五、不同性別中老年人在現金期待缺口之現況……………113
六、不同性別之中老年人在人格特質之現況………………113
第二節　結構方程模型之意涵…………………………...………113
一、外向性與金錢正向態度之間具有顯著正相關…………115
二、金錢正向態度與收入之間具有顯著正相關……………115
三、神經質與金錢負向態度之間具有顯著正相關…………116
四、金錢負向態度與收入之間具有顯著負相關……………117
五、收入與現金期待缺口之間具有顯著負相關……………117
六、金錢負向態度與現金期待缺口之間具有顯著正相關…118
七、現金期待缺口與心理幸福感之間具有顯著負相關……118
第三節　現金期待缺口作為收入與幸福感之中介變項……...…118
第四節　其他中介效果…………………………...………………120
第五節　研究限制與建議……………………………...…………121
一、研究貢獻……………………………...…………………121
二、樣本代表性待加強………………...……………………121
三、研究工具的限制…………………...……………………121
四、未對參與者進行追蹤研究…………………...…………122
五、無法驗證模型穩定性及跨年齡層之適配度……...……122
六、建議……………………………………………...………122

參考文獻……………………………………………………….…123
一、中文部份…………………………………………………123
二、英文部份…………………………………………………127
附錄………………………………………………………………..137

 
表 目 錄

表2-1　金錢態度量表向度間之相關矩陣……………………………26
表2-2　過去對金錢態度之研究整理…………………………………28
表3-1　結構方程模式圖符號意義……………………………………41
表3-2　甲樣本之背景變項次數分配表………………………………44
表3-3　金錢態度量表題項……………………………………………46
表3-4　金錢態度量表各向度間之相關檢定…………………………48
表3-5　金錢負向態度量表刪題後與原量表之對照表………………49
表3-6　金錢正向態度量表刪題後之試題對照表……………………51
表3-7　重新挑題後之心理幸福感題項向度…………………………56
表3-8　心理幸福感量因素負荷量與平均變異萃取量………………59
表3-9　高殘差相關題目與相關值……………………………………60
表3-10　設定殘差相關後之因素負荷量與平均變異萃取量………..61
表3-11　人格量表刪題後量表試題分配表…………………………...64
表3-12　人格量表與原量表之對照表………………………………..64
表3-13　標準九分數與對應之z分數和比例…………………………68
表4-1　觀察變項之描述統計、偏態與峰度………………………….77
表4-2　心理幸福感各向度之平均數及標準差………………………79
表4-3　中老年人、性別在心理幸福感量表之差異比較……………80
表4-4　金錢正向態度之平均數與標準差……………………………82
表4-5　中老年人、性別與金錢正向態度之差異分析………………82
表4-6　金錢負向態度之平均數與標準差……………………………83
表4-7　中老年人、性別對金錢負向態度之差異分析………………83
表4-8　收入現況之平均數與標準差…………………………………85
表4-9　中老年人、性別與收入變項之差異分析……………………85
表4-10　現金期待缺口之平均數與標準差…………………………..86
表4-11　中老年、性別與現金期待缺口之差異分析…………………87
表4-12　人格特質之平均數與標準差………………………………..88
表4-13　中老年、性別對人格特質之差異分析………………………88
表4-14　測量模型適配指標…………………………………………..91
表4-15　23個觀察指標的相關係數矩陣…………………………….93
表4-16　相關係數矩符號對照表……………………………………..95
表4-17　測量模型與結構模型參數表………………………………..95
表4-18　潛在變項間之效果…………………………………………..98
表4-19　測量模型與結構模型適配度………………………………..98
表4-20　以單純測量模型進行因素相關矩陣………………………100
表4-21　收入對心理幸福感之效果比較……………………………101
表4-22　金錢負向態度對心理幸福感之效果比較…………………103
表5-1　結構模型參數………………………………………………..115



 
圖 目 錄

圖2-1　心理幸福感之構念組成………………………………………12
圖2-2　美國經濟成長與平均快樂程度………………………………17
圖2-3　個體在同一個國家之不同時間點上收入與快樂關係………18
圖2-4　快樂函數與所得的關係圖……………………………………19
圖2-5　收入突然改變時造成的快樂程度變化………………………20
圖2-6　變項間預期關係圖……………………………………………37
圖3-1　外向性、神經質、金錢正向態度、收入、金錢負向態度、現金期待缺口與心理幸福感之結構方程模型圖………………40
圖3-2　金錢負向態度量表刪題後之效度驗證………………………52
圖3-3　金錢正向態度量表刪題後之驗證性因素分析………………53
圖3-4　金錢負向態度量表刪題後之乙樣本再驗證…………………54
圖3-5　金錢正向態度量表刪題後之乙樣本再驗證…………………54
圖3-6　心理幸福感量表之驗證性因素分析…………………………58
圖3-7　心理幸福感殘差相關圖………………………………………60
圖3-8　以乙樣本進行心理幸福感殘差相關設定之再驗證…………62
圖3-9　人格量表刪題後之驗證性因素分析…………………………65
圖3-10　以乙樣本進行外向性與神經質量表刪題後之再驗證……..66
圖4-1　總模型之測量模型……………………………………………90
圖4-2　總模型之測量模型與結構模型圖……………………………92
圖4-3　同時設定收入對心理幸福感直接效果與間接效果路徑…..101
圖4-4　同時設定金錢負向態度對心理幸福感之中介路徑和直接效果路徑…………………………………………………………102
圖4-5　同時設定金錢正向態度對心理幸福感之中介路徑和直接效果路徑…………………………………………………………104
圖4-6　增加神經質對心理幸福感之直接效果……………………..105
圖4-7　設定收入指向金錢負向態度………………………………..106
圖4-8　設定收入影響金錢正向態度………………………………..107
圖5-1　結構模型圖…………………………………………………...114

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