臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此篇研究以20種芳香醛(苯甲醛)針對月芽藻 (Pseudokirchneriellasubcapitata)所進行之48小時密閉式毒性試驗。實驗所得到之結果，將利用藻細胞的數量變化 (Final yield)做為觀測終點，藉由Probit模式求出半致死濃度 (50% Effect concentration，EC50)，將其毒性試驗後所得到的log(1/EC50)，與其物化參數(包括log Kow和ELUMO)進行回歸分析，找出毒性方程式。
其結果顯示三種苯甲醛(苯甲醛、香草醛及3,4-二烴基苯甲醛)會與藻種行歧化作用(dismutation)。此作用會造成苯甲醛轉化為苯甲酸之過程中行耗氧作用，因而減少溶氧產生量並降低其毒性。 而在不同烴基苯甲醛之毒性中，以5-溴-2-烴基其毒性最毒。除了3-溴-4-烴基苯甲醛之外，其他位於對位(para-)之烴基苯甲醛其毒性皆比鄰位(ortho-)低。
針對低影響濃度(NOEC、LOEC、EC10、NEC)進行敏感性之比較，其結果: NOEC > EC10 > NEC > LOEC。在本研究之三種反應終點當中對於苯甲醛類之敏感性最高者為細胞密度變化量，其次為溶氧產生量，而敏感性最差之反應終點為生長率。與其他生物種進行比較可以發現本研究之藻類其敏感性最高、其他依序為鰷魚、水蚤、海洋性發光菌，敏感性最差者為纖毛蟲。
另一方面，由結果亦可發現在烴基苯甲醛中，其毒性易高對於其他苯甲醛類。再將8種烴基苯甲醛利用logKow進行QSAR之回歸分析，可以發現有一個outlier (2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde)，若將此點去除後再進行迴歸即可得到較好之QSAR模式。而以反應終點為生長率所建立之QSAR模式有較精確之預測能力。

The objective of this study is to study the toxic effect of aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde) on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata using a closed system test. The effects of benzaldehydes were evaluated by three kinds of response endpoints, i.e., cell density, algal growth rate, and the dissolved oxygen production. Median effective concentratons (EC50s) were estimated using the Probit model with a test duration of 48hr. The quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were established based on the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow) and an electronic parameters-Lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (ELUMO).
The result shows that the algae would make three types of benzaldehydes (benzaldehdye、vanillin and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde) into benzoic acid, and this reaction is called the dismutation. Special attention should be paid to that the oxygen produced by algae and toxicity of benzaldehydes will be decreased in the dismutation. The highest toxicity in different kinds of hydroxyl- benzaldehydes is 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. In addition, the toxicity of para-hydroxy-benzaldehydes is lower than that of ortho-hydroxy- benzalde- hydes, exept 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
The results also reveal that the value of the lower effect concentration (EC10、LOEC、NOEC and NEC) of the benzaldehydes is NOEC <EC10< NEC<LOEC. This demonstrates that the relative sensitivity is NOEC >EC10> NEC>LOEC. Besides, the experiment results (EC50) are compared with literature data derived by various toxicity tests. The order of the relative sensitivity is then obtained as follows : algae(Final yield)>algae(DO prod- uction)>algae(Grwoth rate)>Fathead minnow>Daphnia magna> Microtox >Tetrahymena pyriformis.
On the other hand, the toxicity of hydroxy-benzaldehydes is demonstrated to be higher than that of other benzaldehydes, and a single parameter (logKow) is used to estabilish QSAR of the hydroxy-benzaldehydes, except the one outlier (2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde).[log(1/EC50)G.R = 0.8457X - 0.34 96, R2 = 0.9152, n=7]

第一章、緒論 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 研究方法及架構 4
第二章、文獻回顧 6
2.1 毒性物質-醛及苯甲醛之介紹 6
2.1.1 醛的定義 6
2.1.2 醛的來源 6
2.1.3 醛類化合物之物化性質 7
2.1.4 醛類化合物之毒性作用機制 7
2.2 常用的毒性試驗物種 8
2.2.1 Microtox 測試 9
2.2.2 Polytox 測試 9
2.2.3 水蚤(Daphnia)測試 10
2.2.4 纖毛蟲(Tetrahymena pyriformis)測試 10
2.2.5 植物及藻類測試 11
2.3 藻類毒性試驗 11
2.3.1 試驗物種簡介 11
2.3.2 藻類計數方法 12
2.3.3 藻類毒性試驗 13
2.3.4 試驗之重要參數 16
2.3.5 觀測終點(End point)之量測 21
2.3.6 揮發性有機物實驗 21
2.4 有機物結構與毒性之關係 22
2.5 定量結構-反應關係(QSAR) 23
2.5.1 QSAR之簡介 23
2.5.2 常用之QSAR參數 25
2.5.3 QSAR在環境毒物學上的應用 28
2.6 化合物作用的毒性機制 30
2.7 Surrogate於環境毒理學上的應用 31
2.8 Acute and Chronic Ratio ( ACR ) 32
2.9 Solvent control 34
第三章、基本理論 36
3.1 毒性試驗終點種類 36
3.2 常用的單一毒性模式 37
3.3 基本生長動力學 40
3.4 模式最佳化選擇 42
3.5 NOEC與Cut-Off value 42
3.5.1 判定NOEC和LOEC 42
3.5.2 平均中斷值（Cut-Off value） 43
3.5.3 NEC 43
第四章、實驗設備與方法 46
4.1 實驗設備及材料 46
4.2 毒性試驗藻種 54
4.3 實驗前準備 54
4.3.1 培養基質的配製 54
4.3.2 玻璃器皿清洗與滅菌 56
4.3.3 盤面光度之調整 56
4.3.4 藻類之培養步驟及裝置 58
4.3.5 ISOTON II之配製 58
4.3.6 COD-比色法藥品配製 59
4.3.7 電子顆粒計數器操作方式與原理 59
4.4 儀器操作原理、步驟與設定條件 62
4.4.1 COD-比色法 62
4.4.2 高效能液相層析儀（High Performance Liquid Chromat- ography, HPLC） 63
4.5 密閉式藻類毒性試驗方法及步驟 66
4.5.1 實驗方法 66
4.5.2 實驗步驟 66
4.6 實驗之品保及品管(QA/QC) 71
第五章、結果與討論 74
5.1 藻類毒性試驗數據 74
5.2 苯甲醛類結構與毒性 89
5.3 最佳化模式 92
5.4 EC10值與NOEC、LOEC、NEC值之比較 98
5.5 急慢毒性比(Acute-Chronic Toxicity Ratio ; ACR) 105
5.6 密閉式BOD瓶藻類毒性試驗與其他物種試驗之比較 108
5.7 QSAR分析 111
第六章、結論與建議 118
6.1 結論 118
6.2 建議 119
第七章、參考文獻 121
附錄一、原始數據
附錄二、檢量線(HPLC)

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