臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

肉雞對不同有效磷含量與飼料級磷酸鹽利用效率之評估
本試驗旨在探討肉雞飼糧中不同有效磷含量與飼料級磷酸鹽來源對白肉雞生長﹑骨骼及血液性狀之影響，並評估其生物有效性，同時以化學方法探討磷酸鹽於溶液中之溶解度與生物有效性進行比較，期以較為簡易之化學方法預估磷酸鹽之有效性。試驗為一日齡之愛拔益加白肉雞 (broiler) 576隻，採4×4複因子處理，分別為對照磷源A組：試藥級磷酸二氫鈣 (磷：21%)，另三組飼料級磷酸鹽分別為:B (磷：21%)、C (磷：18%)、D (磷：21%) 及四組有效磷 (available phosphorus, AP) 含量：0.25%、0.30%、0.35%、0.40%，每處理組六重複 (欄)，公母各半分飼，每重複六隻，試驗為期四週。試驗飼糧主以玉米-大豆粕為原料，為避免動物性磷之干擾，一律採用植物性原料，各試驗飼糧之鈣、粗蛋白質及代謝能均分別為1%、22.14%及3031kcal/kg，磷含量則依試驗設計行之。試驗期間，飼糧及飲水均採任飼。
試驗結果顯示，各處理組之飼料採食量及體增重皆隨飼糧中有效磷含量之增加而提高(P<0.05)，其中A組顯著較其餘三組為佳(P<0.05)，磷成份含量相似之B、D組其體增重及飼料採食量則以D組較高(P<0.05)。在飼料轉換率，各磷源處理組間則無顯著差異。骨骼機械特性、灰分及鈣、磷含量均隨飼糧中有效磷含量之增加而顯著提高。C組之脛骨重量、長度、灰分、鈣及磷含量則顯著較其他組為低(P<0.05)。血漿無機磷含量隨飼糧中有效磷之增加而顯著提高(P<0.05)，血漿鈣含量則反之。鹼性磷酸活性於各處理組間未有顯著差異。
利用斜率法並以A組為對照磷酸鹽 (設磷有效性為100%)，以體增重及脛骨灰分含量為反應標準時，各飼料級磷酸鹽之生物有效性依序為D>B>C組。綜合體增重、骨骼灰分及飼料轉換率三種性狀為反應標準 (triple response method)計算得一比較生物價 (relative biological values)，計算結果顯示，各比較生物價與以體增重及灰分為反應標準之結果一致，D組最高(96.51%)，而B組次之(94.7%)。磷酸鹽於不同溶液中之溶解度以生物有效性較高之A、D組於2.0% Citric acid可得較高之溶解度，然於0.4% HCl中則未有相同結果。生物有效性最低之C組其溶解度皆為最低，顯示低溶解度 (<90%)之磷酸鹽其生物有效性亦較低。
飼糧中不同有效磷含量顯著影響肉雞之生長、骨骼及血液性狀；磷源不同，對生長、骨骼性狀之影響亦不同。磷源於各溶液中 之溶解度與生物試驗之結果未有一致之趨勢，故不建議以化學方法完全取代生物試驗。
關鍵語：肉雞、磷酸鹽、有效磷、生物有效性。

Effect of available phosphorus concentrations and bioavailability evaluations of feed grade phosphates for broilers
The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of various available phosphorus and the feed grade phosphates to broilers on growth performance, skeleton, blood characteristic, and the bioavailability. As well as to determine the phosphorus solubility in various solvents and relationship between the bioavailability. The experiments was supposed to be able to predict the availability of the phosphates in rasier chemical methods. The 1-day-old broilers were examined arrangement with a 4×4 factorial arrangement. The treatments were A: purified grade monobasic calcium phosphate (P:21%), and three feed grade phosphates as B (P:21%), C (P:18%) and D (P:21%), and contained available phosphorus (AP) of 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40%, respectively. Treatments had 6 replicates. Each replicate had 6 chicks. Chicks were allowed to consume feed and water ad libitum for 28-d test periods. Weight gain and feed intake were determined on a weekly basis. The calcium , crude protein concentrations and metabolic energy of each test diet were 1%, 22.14% and 3031 kcal/kg, respectively. The phosphorus was according to the test design.
The result showed in the aspect of growth performance, feed intake and weight gain increased with supplement AP. A group was significantly higher than others groups (P<0.05). Feed intake and weight gain of groups B and C which had similar phosphorus contents were better than D group (P<0.05). There no effect on feed:gain. Skeleton characteristic, mechanical properties, ash, Ca and P content was significantly increased as supplement the AP. Length and weight of tibia, ash, Ca and P content in C group were lower than the other groups (P<0.05). Results about blood characteristic showed that inorganic P of plasma was significantly increased as supplement the AP and reversed on plasma Ca. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was no effect. While utilized slop ratio method and took A group as the standard phosphate (set phosphorus availability as 100%), and adopted weight gain, tibia ash percentage as response criteria, the bioavailability of feed grade phosphates were D>B>C. Weight gain, ash and feed efficiency (G/F) were integrated to be a response criteria (triple response method), and thus calculation the relative biological values. The value showed that the result obtained from various method taking weight gain and ash percentage as response criteria that D group was the highest (96.51%), fallow with the B group (94.7%). The higher solubility of phosphates in various solvents appeared when A and D groups which had higher bioavailability in 2.0% citric acid. However, there not similar with 0.4% HCl, and C group which had the lowest bioavailability from the lowest solubility. The results expect phosphates that had lower solubility (<90%) and bioavailability as well. It would seem inappropriate and risky to replace bioassays totally with these test.
Key Words: broiler, phosphate, available phosphorus, bioavailability.

目 錄壹﹑中文摘要-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
貳﹑前言------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
參﹑文獻檢討------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
一﹑動物對磷之需要--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
（一）磷於體內之分佈及生理功能------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
（二）磷於動物體內之消化吸收---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.動物體內磷吸收之部位--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.動物體內磷吸收之機制--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
（三）磷於動物體內之代謝----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
二﹑影響動物對磷吸收及需要量之因素------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
（一）環境---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
（二）動物之種別、性別及年齡---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
（三）飼糧成份--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
1.蛋白質-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
2.脂肪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
3.維生素D-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
4.鈣含量-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
5.磷之來源----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
6.植酸-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
（四）飼糧原料之加工方式----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
（五）測定之指標-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
三﹑飼糧中磷有效性之評估----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
（一）斜率法------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
（二）平衡試驗---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
（三）磷酸鈣於各溶液中之溶解度-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
肆﹑材料與方法---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
-一﹑試驗設計及試驗飼糧-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
二﹑飼養管理------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
三﹑試樣處理------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
四﹑測定方法------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
（一）飼料中鈣、磷含量之測定----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
（二）骨骼中鈣、磷含量之測定----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
（三）血漿總鈣、無機磷及鹼性磷酸活性之測定--------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
（四）磷酸鹽中鈣、磷、氟、水分 (moisture)含量、加熱後失重 (loss on ignition)、鹽酸不溶物 (insoluble residue)、顆粒大小 (particle size)、pH之測定含量測定------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
（五）磷酸鹽於水、0.4% HCl、2%檸檬酸 (citric acid)中之溶解度測定---------------------------------------------------------35
（六）骨骼強度之測定-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
五﹑統計分析------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
伍﹑結果與討論---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
一、磷酸鹽各成份含量及物理、化學性狀----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
二﹑生長性狀------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
三﹑骨骼性狀------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44
四﹑血液性狀------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
五﹑磷酸鹽之生物有效性--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
六﹑磷酸鹽於各溶液中之溶解度-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
陸﹑結論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
柒﹑參考文獻--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
捌﹑英文摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82
表 次
表1. 各種植物性飼料原料之植酸態磷含量-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
表2. 豬隻與家禽對各磷源之利用率---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
表3. 飼料級磷酸鈣之分類----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
表4. 試驗基礎飼糧組成-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
表5. 試驗飼糧之鈣、磷分析值---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
表6. 各組磷酸鹽之化學分析值---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
表7. 各組磷酸鹽之顆粒大小------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
表8. 各組磷酸鹽之水分、燃燒後損失、鹽酸不溶物及pH測定結果--------------------------------------------------------------41
表9. 飼糧添加不同有效磷含量及磷酸鹽來源對肉雞生長性狀之影響 (0-4週齡)----------------------------------------------43
表10.飼糧添加不同有效磷含量及磷酸鹽來源對肉雞脛骨重量 (g)、長度 (cm)及平均骨骼壁厚度 (cm)之影響 (0-4週齡)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
表11.飼糧添加不同有效磷含量及磷酸鹽來源對肉雞脛骨灰分、鈣及磷含量 (%)之影響 (0-4週齡)---------------------47
表12.飼糧添加不同有效磷含量及磷酸鹽來源對肉雞脛骨強度(kg/cm)、彎曲力矩 (kg-cm)及應力 (kg/cm2)之影響 (0-4週齡)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
表13.飼糧添加不同有效磷含量及磷酸鹽來源對肉雞血漿鈣、無機磷含量 (mg/dl)及鹼性磷酸梅活性 (unit/dl)之影響 (0-4週齡)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
表14.0-4週齡肉雞飼糧中有效磷含量與肉雞生長性狀之關係-----------------------------------------------------------------------53
表15.0-4週齡肉雞飼糧中有效磷含量與肉雞脛骨重量(g)、長度 (cm)、 平均骨骼壁厚度 (cm)之關係------------------54
表16. 0-4週齡肉雞飼糧中有效磷含量與肉雞脛骨灰分、鈣及磷含量 (%)之關係----------------------------------------------55
表17. 0-4週齡肉雞飼糧中有效磷含量與肉雞脛骨強度 (kg/cm)、彎曲力矩 (kg-cm)、應力 (kg/cm2)之關係------------56
表18.0-4週齡肉雞飼糧中有效磷含量與肉雞血漿鈣、無機磷含量 (mg/dl)及鹼性磷酸梅活性 (unit/dl)之關係---------57
表19.各組磷酸鹽之生物有效性及比較生物價--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
表20.各組磷酸鹽於不同溶液中之磷溶解度-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60
圖 次
圖1. 磷於家禽體內之動力模式----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
圖2. 動物體內磷恆定狀態之調節機制------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
圖3. 植酸梅之作用機制--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
圖4. 維生素D於動物體內之代謝過程--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
圖5. 植酸之化學結構------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
圖6. 植酸鹽之化學結構---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

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