臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

黑皮海綿(Terpios hoshinota)會覆蓋在多種石珊瑚上造成其死亡，2006年在珊瑚礁總體檢中首次在綠島發現黑皮海綿，時至今日已造成許多珊瑚死亡。本研究主要探討黑皮海綿在有性生殖、無性生殖與生長三個方面的特性。經過2009及2010年的採樣後，發現黑皮海綿有精細胞與胚胎共存的現象，顯示黑皮海綿可能為雌雄同體。2009年7、8月的採樣中，皆可發現精細胞、卵細胞與胚胎，但在2010年1、2、4、5、6、7、8、12月都有發現。在一個月高頻率的採樣中，發現精卵細胞與胚胎的個體比例以及卵細胞與胚胎的大小都沒有發現月週期現象。胚胎與精囊共同存在的頻率較高，且胚胎在海綿中央位置發現頻率較高。某些海綿具有利用碎片進行無性生殖的能力，所以針對黑皮海綿的碎片是否具有無性生殖的能力進行實驗，結果顯示帶有珊瑚骨骼的黑皮海綿碎片，無論大小脫離母體都還具有感染其它珊瑚的能力。而不帶珊瑚骨骼的黑皮海綿碎片在海中游離的時間會影響再附著時的成功率，超過4天感染珊瑚成功率就快速降低，顯示黑皮海綿具有利用碎片進行感染的能力，但因時間會降低感染珊瑚成功率，因此傳播的距離可能不長。黑皮海綿因應環境所產生的組織絲，骨針是平行於絲的生長方向，推測這種排列方式可以促進海綿單點伸展。黑皮海綿產生組織絲的數量會受到珊瑚底質面積影響，這機制可讓海綿跨到隔鄰的珊瑚，擴大感染範圍。在不同光照條件下，正常光照下的組織生長速度較低光照的組織快。碎片配對移植的結果顯示，族群距離相距200 m以上，融合比例就會顯著降低，推測在綠島黑皮海綿的大爆發，是由少數個體開始，由於環境因素配合，在當地繁衍散佈造成的，相距200 m 以上的海綿族群的融合比例已經出現差別，但是在公館與大白沙配對移植的結果卻有相當高的融合比例。本研究證實黑皮海綿在現地繁生的能力很強，這或許是造成地區性爆發的原因。

Terpios hoshinota is coral-killing sponge which grows and covers most stony corals in shallow waters. It was first discovered at Green Island in 2006, and have since killed a lot of coral, yet we know little about the physiology of Terpios hoshinota. This research focuses on the propagation and growth of the sponge. In the sexual reproduction part, we collected tissue samples in 2009 and 2010, the sperm cells were found only in Jun and Aug in 2009. The oocytes were found in Apr, Jul, and Aug. In 2010, embryos occurred. No lunar pattern was found in a high-frequency sampling of tissues comparing the occurrence and sizes of oocytes and embryos. Embryos are more likely to be found in the central part of the sponge; this pattern does not apply to oocytes nor to sperm cells. The sponge may be hermaphroditic male and female gametes are developed at different locations or times. The sponge fragments can reinfect new host corals, although such capability decreased with increasing number of days suspending in the water column. The spicules parallel to each other and to the growth axis in tissue threads, moreover, the sponge quickly extended numerous tissue threads in the absence of adequate coral substrate, which may serve the function of reaching new hosts. The sponge grows faster under light than under dimmed conditions. Fusion of tissues could occur between non-identical genotypes, and allografting pairs of tissues have higher rates of rejection than isografting pairs. After allografting the sponge fragments from different areas, the fusion rates were depended on the distance of two populations in the northern coast of Green Island. The results supported that self-seeding is the mechanism how Terpios hoshinota populations exploded in the north coast Green Island. The ability to cross to the neighboring corals, to propagate by fragments, and to produce embryos may have all contributed to their self-seeding capability.

壹、前言 1
貳、材料與方法 7
參、實驗結果 10
肆、討論 14
參考文獻 21

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