1.Yang NP, Jen I, Chuang SY, Chen SH, Chou P. Screening for low bone mass with quantitative ultrasonography in a community without dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: population-based survey. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:24.
2.Jilka RL. Biology of the basic multicellular unit and the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;41(3):182-185.
3.孟景春，周仲瑛：中醫學概論，知音出版社，1994。
4.Chapurlat RD, Delmas PD. Bone microdamage: a clinical perspective. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(8):1299-1308.
5.Hadjidakis DJ, Androulakis, II. Bone remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1092:385-396.
6.Parfitt AM. Osteonal and hemi-osteonal remodeling: the spatial and temporal framework for signal traffic in adult human bone. J Cell Biochem. 1994;55(3):273-286.
7.Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2000;21(2):115-137.
8.Raisz LG. Physiology and pathophysiology of bone remodeling. Clin Chem. 1999;45(8 Pt 2):1353-1358.
9.Khosla S. Minireview: the OPG/RANKL/RANK system. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5050-5055.
10.Mizuno A, Amizuka N, Irie K, Murakami A, Fujise N, Kanno T, Sato Y, Nakagawa N, Yasuda H, Mochizuki S, Gomibuchi T, Yano K, Shima N, Washida N, Tsuda E, Morinaga T, Higashio K, Ozawa H. Severe osteoporosis in mice lacking osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor/osteoprotegerin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;247(3):610-615.
11.Riggs BL, Parfitt AM. Drugs used to treat osteoporosis: the critical need for a uniform nomenclature based on their action on bone remodeling. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(2):177-184.
12.Coetzee M, Kruger MC. Osteoprotegerin-receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand ratio: a new approach to osteoporosis treatment? South Med J. 2004;97(5):506-511.
13.Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet.1999;353(9156):878-882.
14.Adachi JD, Papaioannou A. Corticosteroid-Induced osteoporosis: detection and management. Drug Saf. 2001;24(8):607-624.
15.洪瑞國：老年人發生第二次對側髖骨骨折之保護及危險因子之分析及探討Assessment of Protective and Risk Factors of the Second Contralateral Hip Fracture in the Elderly。醫務管理研究所， 國立陽明大學，2010。
16.李瑋君，韓岳津，吳英黛，曹昭懿：骨質疏鬆相關骨折住院病患之健保申報分析。臺灣醫學. 2007;11卷(1期):頁22-28。17.Dannemann C, Gratz KW, Riener MO, Zwahlen RA. Jaw osteonecrosis related to bisphosphonate therapy: a severe secondary disorder. Bone. 2007;40(4):828-834.
18.Barrier A, Lescaille G, Rigolet A, Descroix V, Goudot P, Ruhin B. [Jaw osteonecrosis induced by oral biphosphonates: 12 cases]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2010;111(4):196-202.
19.Zografos GN, Georgiadou D, Thomas D, Kaltsas G, Digalakis M. Drug-induced esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2009;22(8):633-637.
20.Goltzman D. Discoveries, drugs and skeletal disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002;1(10):784-796.
21.Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women''s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-333.
22.Chesnut CH, 3rd, Silverman S, Andriano K, Genant H, Gimona A, Harris S, Kiel D, LeBoff M, Maricic M, Miller P, Moniz C, Peacock M, Richardson P, Watts N, Baylink D. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med. 2000;109(4):267-276.
23.Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science.1965;150(698):893-899.
24.Reddi AH. Marshall R. Urist: a renaissance scientist and orthopaedic surgeon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A Suppl 3:3-7.
25.Xiao YT, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Bone morphogenetic protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;362(3):550-553.
26.Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, Mitsock LM, Whitters MJ, Kriz RW, Hewick RM, Wang EA. Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. Science. 1988;242(4885):1528-1534.
27.Zhao M, Harris SE, Horn D, Geng Z, Nishimura R, Mundy GR, Chen D. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor signaling is necessary for normal murine postnatal bone formation. J Cell Biol. 2002;157(6):1049-1060.
28.Matsumoto A, Yamaji K, Kawanami M, Kato H. Effect of aging on bone formation induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 combined with fibrous collagen membranes at subperiosteal sites. J Periodontal Res. 2001;36(3):175-182.
29.Fleet JC, Cashman K, Cox K, Rosen V. The effects of aging on the bone inductive activity of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Endocrinology. 1996;137(11):4605-4610.
30.Zmuda JM, Sheu YT, Moffett SP. The search for human osteoporosis genes. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2006;6(1):3-15.
31.Styrkarsdottir U, Cazier JB, Kong A, Rolfsson O, Larsen H, Bjarnadottir E, Johannsdottir VD, Sigurdardottir MS, Bagger Y, Christiansen C, Reynisdottir I, Grant SF, Jonasson K, Frigge ML, Gulcher JR, Sigurdsson G, Stefansson K. Linkage of osteoporosis to chromosome 20p12 and association to BMP2. PLoS Biol. 2003;1(3):E69.
32.Balcerzak M, Hamade E, Zhang L, Pikula S, Azzar G, Radisson J, Bandorowicz-Pikula J, Buchet R. The roles of annexins and alkaline phosphatase in mineralization process. Acta Biochim Pol. 2003;50(4):1019-1038.
33.Seibel MJ. Clinical use of markers of bone turnover in metastatic bone disease. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2005;2(10):504-517; quiz 501 p following 533.
34.Senger DR, Wirth DF, Hynes RO. Transformed mammalian cells secrete specific proteins and phosphoproteins. Cell. 1979;16(4):885-893.
35.Sodek J, Ganss B, McKee MD. Osteopontin. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2000;11(3):279-303.
36.Klein-Nulend J, Roelofsen J, Semeins CM, Bronckers AL, Burger EH. Mechanical stimulation of osteopontin mRNA expression and synthesis in bone cell cultures. J Cell Physiol. 1997;170(2):174-181.
37.Denhardt DT, Noda M, O''Regan AW, Pavlin D, Berman JS. Osteopontin as a means to cope with environmental insults: regulation of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cell survival. J Clin Invest. 2001;107(9):1055-1061.
38.Raouf A, Seth A. Discovery of osteoblast-associated genes using cDNA microarrays. Bone. 2002;30(3):463-471.
39.Ishijima M, Tsuji K, Rittling SR, Yamashita T, Kurosawa H, Denhardt DT, Nifuji A, Ezura Y, Noda M. Osteopontin is required for mechanical stress-dependent signals to bone marrow cells. J Endocrinol. 2007;193(2):235-243.
40.李雪靖，郭鴻：原發性骨質疏松癥中醫藥治療概況。河北醫藥2010(20):2911-2914.
41.陳元川，趙詠芳，王翔，徐宇，詹紅生，石印玉：補腎中藥改善骨質疏松大鼠骨骼強度的作用機制。中醫正骨2008(11):6-8+85.
42.林昭庚：中西醫病名對照大辭典，臺北市，國立中國醫藥研究所，2001。
43.程士德：內經，知音出版社，1990。
44.任應秋：素問今釋，啟業書局，1988。
45.陳九如：黃帝內經今義，正中書局，1986。
46.黃維三：難經發揮，正中書局，1994。
47.張文淮：停經後婦女腎虛證與骨質密度、牙齒搖動度的相關性研究Association of Kidney Vacuity, Bone Mineral Density and Tooth Mobility in Postmenopausal Women。中國醫學研究所，中國醫藥學院1997。
48.陳雅吟：停經後婦女骨質疏鬆症與中醫腎虛證相關性之研究The association between postmenopausal osteoporosis and Kidney- vacuity syndrome in Chinese Medicine。中國醫學研究所，中國醫藥學院1997。49.Xu H, Lawson D, Kras A, Ryan D. The use of preventive strategies for bone loss. Am J Chin Med. 2005;33(2):299-306.
50.顏正華：中藥學，知音出版社，1991。
51.王輝武：中醫百家藥論薈萃，重慶出版社，1997。
52.凌一揆：中藥學，知音出版社，2004。
53.徐雅慧，羅吉方，張憲昌，林哲輝：市售肉蓯蓉藥材之鑑別。藥物食品檢驗局調查研究年報2007(25號):110-118。54.Johnson GL, Lapadat R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science. 2002;298(5600):1911-1912.
55.Xiao G, Jiang D, Thomas P, Benson MD, Guan K, Karsenty G, Franceschi RT. MAPK pathways activate and phosphorylate the osteoblast-specific transcription factor, Cbfa1. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(6):4453-4459.
56.Hu Y, Chan E, Wang SX, Li B. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology. 2003;144(5):2068-2074.
57.Ge C, Xiao G, Jiang D, Franceschi RT. Critical role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-MAPK pathway in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal development. J Cell Biol. 2007;176(5):709-718.
58.Matsuguchi T, Chiba N, Bandow K, Kakimoto K, Masuda A, Ohnishi T. JNK activity is essential for Atf4 expression and late-stage osteoblast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(3):398-410.
59.Mukherjee A, Rotwein P. Akt promotes BMP2-mediated osteoblast differentiation and bone development. J Cell Sci. 2009;122(Pt 5):716-726.
60.Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M. Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:693-733.
61.Boyce BF, Yao Z, Xing L. Functions of nuclear factor kappaB in bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1192:367-375.
62.關儉，唐潔鳳，郭榮林：六味地黃丸對絕經后骨質疏松患者骨密度的干預研究。海南醫學2009(05):79-80。
63.許正發，代玉金：右歸丸治療骨質疏松癥96例。國醫論壇2002(02):50。
64.鞠大宏，于福祿，張麗坤，于智敏，趙宏艷，劉梅潔，張立石，劉紅，潘靜華，王少君：滋陰補腎法對卵巢切除所致骨質疏松大鼠成骨細胞COX-2蛋白和mRNA表達的影響。中國中醫基礎醫學雜志2006(12):918-920。
65.Hung TY, Chen TL, Liao MH, Ho WP, Liu DZ, Chuang WC, Chen RM. Drynaria fortunei J. Sm. promotes osteoblast maturation by inducing differentiation-related gene expression and protecting against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;131(1):70-77.
66.Sun JS, Dong GC, Lin CY, Sheu SY, Lin FH, Chen LT, Chang WH, Wang YJ. The effect of Gu-Sui-Bu (Drynaria fortunei J. Sm) immobilized modified calcium hydrogenphosphate on bone cell activities. Biomaterials. 2003;24(5):873-882.
67.Sun JS, Theriault BL, Anderson GI. The effect of Gu-Sui-Bu (Drynaria fortunei) on bone cell activity. Am J Chin Med. 2004;32(5):737-753.
68.Wang XL, Wang NL, Zhang Y, Gao H, Pang WY, Wong MS, Zhang G, Qin L, Yao XS. Effects of eleven flavonoids from the osteoprotective fraction of Drynaria fortunei (KUNZE) J. SM. on osteoblastic proliferation using an osteoblast-like cell line. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2008;56(1):46-51.
69.Jeong JC, Kang SK, Youn CH, Jeong CW, Kim HM, Lee YC, Chang YC, Kim CH. Inhibition of Drynariae Rhizoma extracts on bone resorption mediated by processing of cathepsin K in cultured mouse osteoclasts. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003;3(12):1685-1697.
70.Jeong JC, Lee JW, Yoon CH, Lee YC, Chung KH, Kim MG, Kim CH. Stimulative effects of Drynariae Rhizoma extracts on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;96(3):489-495.
71.Wong RW, Rabie AB. Systemic effect of crude extract from rhizome of Drynaria fortunei on bone formation in mice. Phytother Res. 2006;20(4):313-315.
72.Li G, Zhang XA, Zhang JF, Chan CY, Yew DT, He ML, Lin MC, Leung PC, Kung HF. Ethanol extract of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi promotes osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Phytother Res. 2010;24(4):571-576.
73.Yen ML, Su JL, Chien CL, Tseng KW, Yang CY, Chen WF, Chang CC, Kuo ML. Diosgenin induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activation and angiogenesis through estrogen receptor-related phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in osteoblasts. Mol Pharmacol. 2005;68(4):1061-1073.
74.Lin LW, Hsieh MT, Tsai FH, Wang WH, Wu CR. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity caused by Cistanche deserticola in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;83(3):177-182.
75.Choi JG, Moon M, Jeong HU, Kim MC, Kim SY, Oh MS. Cistanches Herba enhances learning and memory by inducing nerve growth factor. Behav Brain Res. 2011;216(2):652-658.