臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

直流電阻法在過去幾年來，由於地電阻儀器設備改進與反算方法發展成熟，探測方式從一維度進入二維與三維度，施測快速有效率。ERT施測可獲得大範圍二維電阻率影像剖面，呈現地層電阻率變化情形，因水的電阻率值與地質材料電阻率質差異甚大，而時常應用在環境水文之方面調查，例如地下水位與土壤污染探測，近年來ERT在地工調查案例也逐漸增加，如斷層調查、崩塌區調查、土壩滲漏調查與垃圾掩埋場滲漏監，但ERT之空間解析度仍存在許多疑慮，調查資料反算所得到之電阻率影像剖面受到雜訊與空間靈敏度之影響，常為真實電阻率剖面經某種程度模糊化之結果。本研究在不同地質構造條件下進行ERT施測調查地質構造，探討ERT之潛在問題，案例分析結果指出，ERT影像之色階呈現會影響資料判識，深層解析度較不理想，且邊界條件與三維效應也可能影響施測結果。本研究進而以Res2dmod軟體模擬五種地層模型之電探資料，以探討一維垂直解析度、一維側向解析度與二維空間解析度，由模擬結果可以定性暸解空間解析度如何受到深度、幾何變化與電阻率變化之影響。

In the last few years, the measurements from 1-D to 2-D or 3-D have been more rapid and effective due to the improvement of electrical instrument, and the development of inversion method is getting maturity. ERT provides the continuous image of the subsurface in 2-D and it gives an overview of the variations of the ground resistivity. As water is low resistivity material and the resistivity difference between water and soil material is large, ERT has been using in detecting ground water and environmental pollution. It also applies in finding fault, landslide zone, dam leakage and landfill leakage monitoring. However, the spatial resolution of ERT still has a lot of doubts. The inversion of the measurement data usually shows some cloudy true-resistivity affected by noise and spatial sensitivity. Four ERT investigating cases are studied to discuss the potential problem, as the results shows, the different color map of ERT results will affect the judgments. The deeper the depth is, the worse the sensitivity performing the change of the subsurface is. The boundary condition and 3D effect also affect the measurement data. So we use Res2dmod as the software to simulate five numerical earth models and study the relations between the earth model and 1D vertical, lateral resolution and 2D spatial resolution. It shows that spatial resolution qualitative change due to depth, geometry size and different resistivity.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii

一、緒論 1
1.1研究動機 1
1.2研究目的 2
二、文獻回顧 3
2.1電學性質 3
2.2地質材料導電特性 11
2.3直流地電阻法原理 17
2.3.1電位場於均質均向物質分佈 18
2.3.2 非均質地層影響 25
2.3.3電極排列施測方法 31
2.4地電阻影像剖面法 36
2.4.1擬似深度 36
2.4.2擬似地電阻率剖面 39
2.4.3電極排列方式優缺點 41
2.5正算模擬理論發展 51
2.6反算分析理論 52
2.6.1最佳化最小平方法(least-squares optimization) 53
2.6.2平滑束制最小平方法 54
2.6.3重複再加權最小平方法 55
三、案例研究 57
3.1寶山二號水庫-交大試驗場址 58
3.1.1試驗儀器介紹 58
3.1.2寶山二號水庫地質狀況 59
3.1.3測線位置與施測參數 65
3.1.4試驗結果 67
3.1.5試驗討論 71
3.2國立交通大學博愛校區 73
3.2.1交通大學博愛校區地質狀況 73
3.2.2測線位置與施測參數 74
3.2.3試驗結果 79
3.2.4試驗討論 86
3.3恆春赤牛嶺東門溪 90
3.3.1赤牛嶺地質狀況 90
3.3.2測線位置與施測參數 92
3.3.3試驗結果 96
3.3.4試驗討論 100
3.4三姓橋 101
3.4.1香山區地質背景 101
3.4.2測線位置與施測參數 102
3.4.3試驗結果 105
3.4.4試驗討論 107
3.5地電阻影像剖面法問題評析 108
3.5.1影像色階不同對於判識影響 108
3.5.2層面位置辨識問題 109
3.5.3側向涵蓋範圍不全 109
3.5.4現地情況不符二維假設 110
四、地電阻影像解析度探討 111
4.1正算模型參數 113
4.2垂直解析度探討 115
4.2.1單一水平界面構造模型 115
4.2.2水平夾層界面構造模型 131
4.3側向解析度探討 144
4.3.1垂直界面構造模型 144
4.3.2垂直夾層界面構造模型 146
4.4二維解析度探討 150
4.4.1模型參數 150
4.4.2二維度模型反算結果探討 150
五、結論與建議 153
5.1結論 153
5.2建議 158
參考文獻 159
附錄A-資料反算分析流程 164
附錄B-試驗場址鑽孔柱狀圖 168
附錄C-單一水平界面靈敏度分析 183
附錄D-單一水平界面Wenner反算結果 191
附錄E-單一水平界面Pole-Pole反算結果 197
附錄F-水平夾層界面靈敏度探討 203
附錄G-水平夾層界面最大靈敏度影像圖 227
附錄H-水平夾層界面反算結果 241
附錄I-垂直界面解析度探討 249
附錄J-垂直夾層界面解析度探討 255
附錄K-二維解析度探討 271

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