臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

西米棕櫚在東南亞為未充分利用但是為重要之原生農作物。西米澱粉可輕易透過乙醯化(acetylation)改善其物化及功能性質以加強、推廣其應用。醋酸澱粉可以碘為觸媒、在微波幫助下將澱粉與醋酸酐及醋酸反應而得。醋酸澱粉之乙醯化取代度(degree of acetylation)及物化性質受澱粉與對乙醯化劑比例、所選擇之乙醯化劑及碘濃度之影響很大，但是反應時間卻不是重要影響因素。
在從西米棕櫚髓中萃取澱粉時，棕櫚髓漿在沉降過程中由於酚化合物受到多酚氧化酶之氧化而產生褐變(browning)。本研究探討以活性碳從西米澱粉萃取廢水中吸附兒茶素(catechin)及表兒茶素(epicatechin)，然後以超臨界二氧化碳將之脫附。在探討吸附動力及平衡時使用的是合成的兒茶素及表兒茶素溶液。利用吸附處理西米澱粉萃取廢水，再以超臨界二氧化碳脫附，証實本研究之方法有潛力應用於工業化從西米澱粉萃取廢水中之兒茶素及表兒茶素。
本研究也探討兒茶素及表兒茶素在超臨界二氧化碳中之溶解度數據以政証實此二酚化合物在活性碳上之吸、脫附現象。此溶解度數據利用以密度為基礎之關係式(即 Chrastil, del Valle and Aguilera, Adachi and Lu, Gonzalez and Mendez-Santiago and Teja correlation)加以模擬。

Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) is agronomically important but relatively underutilized indigenous crop of Southeast Asia. In order to enhance and extend applications of sago starch, acetylation can be performed with relative ease to significantly improve the physicochemical and functional properties of the starch. Facile preparation of starch acetate was performed by reaction of starch with acetate anhydride and acetic acid using iodine as the catalyst and with the assistance of microwaves. The degree of substitution and physiochemical properties of starch acetate are greatly affected by the ratio of starch to acylation reagents, the choice of acylation reagents and the concentration of iodine as catalyst, while reaction time is not significant variable.
In the processing of sago starch extraction from sago pith, the sago pith slurry during sedimentation is browning due to the oxidation of phenolic compounds by the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme. The recovery of catechin and epicatechin from sago waste effluent by adsorption onto activated carbon followed by supercritical CO2 desorption was demonstrated in this work. To study the kinetic and equilibria of adsorption, synthetic aqueous catechin and epicatechin solution was used instead of sago waste effluent. Adsorption using real sago waste effluent followed by supercritical CO2 extraction indicates that this method has potential application in recovery catechin and epicatechin in industrial scale. Ethanol as co-solvent was required to obtain high recovery of catechin from the activated carbon.

Recommendation Letter ii
Qualification Letter iii
摘要 iv
Abstract v
Acknowledgements vii
Content viii
List of Table xi
List of Figure xii
List of Publication xv
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2. The objectives 5
Chapter 2. Literature Review 7
2.1 Acetylation of sago starch 8
2.2 Recovery and solubility of phenolic compounds from waste effluent 11
2.2.1. Recovery of phenolic compounds from waste effluent 12
2.2.2. Solubility of phenolic compounds is SC-CO2 17
Chapter 3. Experimental Methods 21
3.1 Materials 21
3.2 Sago starch acetylation 22
3.2.1. Synthesis of starch acetate 22
3.2.2. Determination of the degree of substitution (DS) 24
3.2.3. Fourier transform-infra red (FT-IR) analysis 25
3.2.4. X-ray diffraction analysis 25
3.2.5. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis 25
3.2.6. Water absorbance index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) 25
3.3 Adsorption of phenolic compounds 26
3.3.1. Characterizations of activated carbon 26
3.3.2. Static adsorption experiments 27
3.3.3. Calculations 29
3.4 Solubility measurements 29
3.5 Supercritical carbon dioxide desorption 31
Chapter 4. Result and Discussion 33
4.1 Sago starch acetylation 33
4.1.1. The Effect of Process Variables on Degree of Substitution (DS) 33
4.1.2. Fourier transform-infra red (FT-IR) analysis 38
4.1.3. X-ray diffraction analysis 40
4.1.4. Water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) 41
4.1.5. Morphological properties 43
4.2 Solubility data of epicatechin and catechin in SC-CO2 44
4.2.1. Solubility Data 46
4.2.2. Modelling of solubility data 50
4.3 Recovery of catechin and epicatechin from sago waste effluent 53
4.3.1. Activated carbon characterization 53
4.3.2. Adsorption isotherms 55
4.3.3. Adsorption kinetics 61
4.3.4. Recover of phenolic compounds in sago waste effluent 67
Chapter 5. Conclusion and Recommendation 71
5.1 Conclusion 71
5.2 Recommendation 72
References 73

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