臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文主要為利用PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)量測管內徑1.52mm、1.1mm和0.4mm管內的流體速度。PIV乃一全域量測法，主要是利用光學視流(Optical Flow Visualization)技術觀察流場，其主要優點是為即時(real time)及非接觸(noncontact)式。PIV乃利用脈衝式雷射綠光( )照射質點(particle)，由質點散射出光至CCD(1024×1280 pixels)接收，影像以Auto-correlation或Cross-correlation做運算，求出其質點的流動速度。
本實驗所使用的質點為矽酸鹽玻璃(Borosilicate)白色粉末，平均粒徑為10 ，密度為(1.10±0.05g/c.c )。為配合視流技術，本實驗微管選用透光率(Percentage of Transmission)92%的硼矽酸鹽玻璃毛細圓管，折射率 =1.474，並利用折射率 與硼矽酸鹽玻璃相同的甘油(glycerol)，將圓管的曲面修正為平面，避免光折射的誤差。工作流體為甘油與水的調和溶液( =1.1g/c.c， )，主要為消除質點的密度所造成之重力誤差。
以注射泵浦(syringe pump)作為流場驅動源，壓力的量測乃利用量測兩段不同長短的毛細管，予以相減避免管路中的次要損失(minor loss)。壓力量測值結果發現隨著雷諾數之提高壓力值與傳統理論公式Hagen-Poiseuille equation略高一點，約為1∼10%，其現象亦與目前微通道之文章相符。
本實驗所量測是低雷諾數的範圍(0.6~22)，速度量測的結果皆比理論值低，尤其在越接近管壁處，距理論值差距越大，為管壁摩擦力的影響，計算其管路中的摩擦係數 ， 介於72∼93之間。
未來希望能夠朝向彎管或利用微製程做其他形狀的管路的速度分佈，可選用粒徑更小的質點(particle)，做更細微的管路。或配合生物晶片，直接對晶片內的管路進行量測。

This purpose of this thesis is to use Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) technique measure the velocity of pipe with diameters 0.4mm、1.1mm and 1.52mm. The PIV is the whole field measurement that is to use optical flow visualization technique to observe the flow field. Its has both real time and noncontact flow field measurement. We use the green pulse laser ( ) to illuminate the borosilicate glass white powder particles, which the diameter is 10 and the density is (1.10±0.05g/c.c ). The particle scatter enough light to the CCD(1024×1280 pixels) to generate the particles images. The images will be evaluated with the Auto-correlation and Cross-correlation algorithms to obtain the flow field.
In order to visualization, we choose the borosilicate glass capillary tube that both the percentage of transmission is 92% and the refractive index ( ) is 1.474. We choose glycerol that refractive index is equal to borosilicate glass then to amendment optical refraction error induced by the camber of tube then we can modify to the plane surface effects. It can to avoid the error of light refraction. The fluid is the aqueous glycerol solutions( =1.1g/c.c， ) that can eliminate the error of gravity because the particle and solution have the same density.
We use syringe pump to pump constant flow rate. During the pressure measurement, we overcome the difficult of minor pressure measuring loss by using the two different pipe lengths then we subtract the corresponding pressure values to eliminate the same minor pressure loss. The result reveal that a little higher then the tradition Hagen-Poiseuille law’s pipe pressure values about 1 to 10 percentage. The phenomenon also reveal by the papers of Gh. Mohiuddin Mala and Dongqing Li.
Compare to Hagen-Poiseuille law’s velocity field, the center velocity of measuring about 10 percentage lower, just because the slip velocity in the wall. We also find the value ‧Re between 73~92 which is constant from upstream to downstream.
In the future, we can extend our jobs to curve pipe or other shape channel. Using the nano powder also can overcome the micro channel’s measurement. Biology chip channel or MENS’s channel should be progressing in this field.

目 次
摘要‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥i
誌謝‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥iv
目次‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥v
表目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥vii
圖目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥viii
符號說明‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥xi
第一章 緒 論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1
1.1前 言‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1
1.2 研究動機及目的‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥2
1.3文獻回顧‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥3
1.3.1 微通道(Microchannel) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥3
1.3.2 質點影像測速法 (Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV) ‥5
第二章PIV系統之架設‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥10
2.1PIV原理‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥10
2.1.1 PIV之運算法‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥10
2.1.2 質問窗(interrogation window)與重疊運算(overlay) ‥‥12
2.2 PIV量測系統‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥14
2.3PIV量測之驗證(Verification) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥16
2.4實驗微管之選擇及修正‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥17
2.5質點(Particle)之選擇 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥21
2.5.1重力之影響‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥23
2.5.2阻力及布朗擴散運動之影響‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥24
2.6 工作流體之選擇‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥25
2.7質點濃度(Particle concentration) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥27
第三章 流場之架設與壓力量測‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥30
3.1流場驅動源‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥30
3.2壓力計‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥31
3.3壓力量測方法‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥34
3.4估算損失水頭‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥36
第四章實驗步驟及方法‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥38
4.1直管量測位置‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥38
4.2速度理論分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥39
4.3 直管量測實驗步驟‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥42
4.4 PIV系統參數設定‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥47
4.5 穩定流動之測定‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥49
第五章實驗結果與討論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥51
5.1壓力量測結果與討論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥51
5.2速度量測結果與討論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥56
第六章結 論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥74
6.1結論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥74
6.2未來發展‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥74
參考文獻75
附 錄80
A微通道參考文獻整理‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥80
BCCD資料 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥81
C達西方程式(Darcy equation)推導‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥82

1.2000年美國ASHRAE冷凍空調展及馬里蘭大學具臨界點氣態壓縮系統研討會。
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