臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

這篇論文發表出我們在兒童交通博物館所發展示範的以802.11為基礎的定位系統. 我們的定位系統會把我們要做定位服務的地方劃分成好幾個區域，這個定位系統的主要目標就是正確的定位出參觀者目前在這些建築物上的哪個區域裡，在我們的系統裡，我們的系統將使用”訊號強度簽章” ，訊號強度簽章是在每一個收集訊號的參考點，在它的每一個方向上會收集測量在這些參考點上，可以收集到的無線基地台們的代號以及它們的平均訊號強度，所以我們會在這定位系統裡的每一個收集訊號的參考點的每個方向上，去收集這些訊號強度簽章。

在做定位時，我們的定位系統會經由收集行動裝置使用者或參觀者目前位置的訊號強度，然後利用我們的定位方法-區域分數比較法，來定位出參觀者目前的所在區域，這個定位系統有一個資料庫叫做區域資料庫是用來維護及儲存每個收集訊號的參考點的訊號強度簽證. 我們的實驗結果證明了我們的定位系統可以讓我們區域定位有高度準確性。

This thesis presents an 802.11-based positioning system developed and demonstrated in the Taipei Children''s Museum of Transportation and Communication. The proposed positioning system partitions the service area into several regions, and the goal of the proposed positioning system is to correctly locate the locations of the visitors. The proposed system would use signal strength signature which contains a sequence of access point IDs with the average power strength measured in each direction of each reference point, so signal strength signatures will be collected in each reference point in the proposed positioning system. In the positioning, the proposed positioning system will locate visitors via the collection of power strengths of the visitors’ positions, and then applies the proposed positioning method called region score comparison (RSC) positioning method to determine the regions which the visitors are located in. A location database called the region database (RDB) is applied to store and maintain the signal strength signatures in each reference point. The experimental results validate that the location information provided by the proposed positioning system assures high correctness of region classification.

Contents
Acknowledgements i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Contents iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Thesis Organization 2
CHAPTER2 RELATED WORK 3
2.1 Background 3
2.2 Indoor Positioning Systems 7
CHAPTER3 SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT AND POSITIONING ALGORITHM 16
3.1 System Environment 16
3.1.1 Region Hierarchy 16
3.1.2 Setup Environment 17
3.2 Signal Strength Sequence and Signal Strength Signature 19
3.2.1 Signal Strength Sequence 19
3.2.2 Signal Strength Signature 21
3.3 Positioning Algorithm 23
3.3.1 Region Score Comparison (RSC) Positioning Method 23
3.3.2 Visitors nearby the boundary of adjacent regions 24
3.3.3 Regions the proposed system calculating in next positioning 26
3.4 System Architecture 31
CHAPTER4 ACCURACY EVALUATION 33
4.1 Experiment Design 33
4.2 Experiment Result 35
4.3 The average queries in each positioning 40
CHAPTER5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY 48

[1]A. Ward, A. Jones, A. Hopper, “A New Location Technique for the Active Office”, In IEEE Personal Communications, 1997
[2]B. Li, J. Salter, G. Dempster and C. Rizos, “Indoor Positioning Techniques Based on Wireless LAN“, School of Surveying and Spatial Information System, 2005
[3]D. Fox, J. Hightower, L. Liao, D. Schulz, G. Borriello, "Bayesian filtering for location estimation", In IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2003.
[4]D. Hahnel, W. Burgard, D. Fox, K. Fishkin, M. Philipose, “Mapping and Localization with RFID Technology“, In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004.
[5]http://www.activewaveinc.com/technology_rfid_advantage.html
[6]http://www.ascension-tech.com
[7]http://www.ekahau.com
[8]http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=21
[9]http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=47
[10]http://www.zigbee.com
[11]J. J. Caffery, Jr. “A New Approach to the Geometry of TOA Location”, In IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2000
[12]J. Hightower and G. Borriello. “Location systems for ubiquitous computing”, In IEEE Computer, 2001.
[13]J. Hightower, G. Borriello,“Particle filters for location estimation in ubiquitous computing: A case study”, In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, 2004.
[14]J. Syrjarinne. “Studies of modern techniques for personal positioning”, PhD Thesis. Tampere. Finland, 2002
[15]K. Kaemarungsi, P. Krishnamurthy “Modeling of indoor positioning systems based on location fingerprinting”, In IEEE Computer and Communications Societies , 2004
[16]K. Pahlavan and L. Xinrong, “Indoor Geolocation Science and Technology,” In IEEE Communication Magazine, 2002
[17]L. M. Ni, Y. H. Liu, Y. C. Lau, A. P. Patil,“Landmarc: Indoor Location Sensing using Active RFID”, In Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2003.
[18]M. Minami, Y. Fukuju, K. Hirasawa, S. Yokoyama, M. Mizumachi, H. Morikawa, T. Aoyama, "Dolphin: A practical approach for implementing a fully distributed indoor ultrasonic positioning system", In Proceedings of The Sixth International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, 2004.
[19]M. A. Spirito “On the Accuracy of Cellular Mobile Station Location Estimation”, In IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2001
[20]M. Hellebrandt, R. Mathar and M. Scheibenbogen, ”Estimating Position and Velocity of Mobiles in a Cellular Radio Networks”, In IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 1997
[21]M. H. Jin, E. H. K. Wu, Y. T. Wang, C. H. Hsu, “802.11-based Positioning System for indoor Applications”, In Proceeding Communication Systems and Applications, 2004
[22]M. Mondin, F. Dovis, and P. Mulassano, “On the use of HALE platforms as GSM base stations” , In IEEE Personal Communication Magazine, 2001
[23]M. Satyanarayanan, “Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges”, In IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, 2001
[24]N. B. Priyantha, A. Chakraborty, H. Balakrishnan, “The Cricket Location-Support System”, In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2000
[25]P. Bahl, V. N. Padmanabhan, “Enhancement to the RADAR User Location and tracking system” Microsoft Research, University of California at San Diego, 2000
[26]P. Bahl, V. N. Padmanabhan, “RADAR: An In-Building RF-Based User Location and Tracking System”, In Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, 2000
[27]P. Bahl, V. N. Padmanabhan, “User Location and Tracking in an In-Building Radio Network”, Microsoft Corporation, 1999
[28]P. Hii, A. Ziyuk, “Improving Location Accuracy by Combining WLAN Positioning and Sensor Technology”, In IEEE Spectrum, 2003
[29]S. Willis, S. Helal, “A Passive RFID Information Grid for Location and Proximity Sensing for the Blind User”, University of Florida Technical Report number TR04-009, 2002
[30]T. S. Rappaport, J. H. Reed, D. Woerner, “Position location using wireless communications on highways of the future”, In IEEE Communication Magazine, 1996
[31]V. Seshadri, G. V. Zaruba, M. Huber,“A bayesian sampling approach to in-door localization of wireless devices using received signal strength indication” In Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2005.
[32]W. Li , J. X. Lee, H. K. Chen, G. Y. Li, “An indoor wireless positioning system based on WLAN infrastructure”, In Satellite Navigation Technology Including Mobile Positioning & Location Services, 2003
[33]W. Ogino, “Integrated Wireless LAN Access System – Study on Location Method”, In Proc. IPSJ Multimedia, Distributed, Cooperative and Mobile Symposium, 2003
[34]W. Rant, A. Hopper, V. Falcão, J. Gibbons, “The Active Badge Location System”, In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 1992.