臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要是在 iPad 上設計一個電子合成樂器-Swing Synth,經由轉動、 晃動和擺動 iPad 來產生不同的即時合成音色。主要的合成方法為加法合成,並 加入包絡形塑、殘響、顫音和頻率調變等不同的效果器,所有的效果器都是以感 應器去控制,有別於一般利用界面上的旋鈕及開關去控制,其目的是希望讓演奏 者少一點專著在界面上的控制,而多一點肢體與 iPad 的互動,以直覺選擇想要 演奏的音色。

論文第一章為研究動機與目標。第二章為電子音樂與電子樂器的發展、電子音樂相關原理、iOS 環境上音訊處理相關的 API。第三章為系統的架構以及Swing Synth 的設計理念。第四章為樂器實作,MoMu、STK 的使用,並配合第三章的設計理念實作出來。第五章為結論,此部份會總結成果和未來改進的方向。

In this thesis, I implement an electronic-synthesized instrument, Swing Synth, which is designed on the iPad. By rotating, rocking and swinging iPad, it generates various synthesized sounds. The main type of synthesis employed is additive synthesis. The instrument also allows user to generate desired sound through manipulating different sound effect devices such as envelope-shaping, echoing, tremolo effect and frequency modulating. The main idea of Swing Synth is to offer a user-friendly interactive music interface, which allows performers easily to control and get their desired sounds for their live musical performance by simply acting with iPad.
In chapter 1, the research motivation and purpose are presented. In chapter 2, the development of electronic music, evolution of electronic instrument, some principles of electronic music, and the API about audio signal processing in iOS are introduced. In chapter 3, we focus on the architecture of this system and the design concept of Swing Synth. In chapter 4, we discuss that how to implement this instrument. In chapter 5, we reveal the achievement of this research and the future work.

摘 要 .................................................i
Abstract..............................................ii
誌 謝................................................iii
目 錄 ................................................iv
表 目 錄 .............................................vi
圖 目 錄 ............................................vii
 
一、緒論..... .........................................1
1.1 研究動機.........................................1
1.2 研究目標.........................................1
 
二、相關研究...........................................3
2.1 電子音樂發展.....................................3
2.2 電子樂器發展.....................................4
2.3 相關電子音樂原理.................................9
2.3.1 波形.........................................9
  2.3.2 包絡(Envelope)..............................10
  2.3.3 加法合成 ................................11
  2.3.4 調變(modulation)............................12  
2.4 IOS 上 AUDIO 相關的 API.........................14
  2.4.1 Core Audio..............................14
  2.4.2 MoMu....................................17
  2.4.3 STK.....................................18

三、系統架構與設計....................................19
3.1 系統架構........................................19
 3.2 系統設計........................................19
  3.2.1 選擇頻率的高低..........................20
  3.2.2 控制滑音和抖音..........................21
  3.2.3 控制合成音色............................22
  3.2.4 控制調變 ............................26
 
四、系統實作..........................................27
4.1 使用 MOMU 建立 IPAD 上的音訊環境................27
 4.2 波形產生........................................28
4.2.1 正弦波.....................................28
  4.2.2 方波.......................................29
  4.2.3 鋸齒波.....................................30
  4.2.4 三角波.....................................31
 4.3 加法合成和頻率調變..............................31
 4.4 使用 STK........................................33
 4.5 頻率與銀幕像素間的對應..........................35
 4.6 多指觸控銀幕....................................37
 4.7 加速度感應器....................................39
 4.8 電子羅盤........................................42
 
五、結論..............................................44
5.1 研究成果........................................44
5.2 未來研究........................................44
參考文獻..............................................46

[1] Ge Wang, Designing Smule’s iPhone Ocarina, In Proceedings of the Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, 2009.
[2] Ge Wang, Jieun Oh, and Tom Lieber, , Designing for the iPad: Magic Fiddle, In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, pp.197-­‐202, Oslo, Norway, 2011.
[3]曾毓忠, 電子原音音樂–原理、技術與創作, pp. 33-42, 東和音樂出版社, 2007.
[4] Thom Holmes, Electronic and Experimental Music: technology, music, and culture, 3rd ed., Routledge, 2008.
[5] Peter Manning, Electronic and Computer Music, Oxford, 2004.
[6] Andy Farnell, Designing Sound, The MIT Press, September 2010.
[7] Curtis Roads, The Computer Music Tutorial, The MIT Press, 1995.
[8] Peter Bakhirev, PJ Cabrera, Ian Marsh, Scott Penberthy, Ben Britten Smith, Eric Wing, Beginning iPhone Games Development, Apress, 2010.
[9] Nicholas J. Bryan, Jorge Herrera, Jieun Oh, and Ge Wang, “MoMu: A Mobile Music Toolkit.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, pp. 174-177, Sydney, Australia, 2010.
[10] Perry Cook, Gary Scavone, The Synthesis ToolKit (STK), In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference, Beijing, 1999.
[11] Richard Boulanger, Victor Lazzarini, The Audio Programming Book, MIT Press, 2010.
[12] Luke Dahl, Ge Wang, Sound Bounce: Physical Metaphors in Designing Mobile Music Performances, In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, pp. 178-181, Sydney, Australia, 2010
[13] Gu ̈nter Geiger, PDa: Real Time Signal Processing and Sound Generation on handheld Device, In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference, Singapore, 2003.
[14] Konrad Markus, Analysis of audio synthesis possibilities on mobile devices using the Apple iPhone and iPad, HTW Berlin University of Applied Sciences, 2011.
[15] Atau Tanka, Mapping Out Instruments, Affordances, and Mobiles, In
Proceedings of the Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, pp. 83-93, Sydney, Australia, 2010.
[16] Chris Adamson, Kevin Avila, Learning Core Audio: A Hands-On Guide to Audio Programming for Mac and iOS, Addison-Wesley, 2012.
[17] Jyri Pakarinen*, Henri Penttinen, Vesa Välimäki, Jussi Pekonen, Review of sound synthesis and effects processing for interactive mobile applications, 2010.
[18] Gu ̈nter Geiger, Using the Touch Screen as a Controller for Portable Computer Music Instruments, In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, Paris, France, 2006.
[19] Essl Georg, Rohs Michael, ShaMus - A Sensor-Based Integrated Mobile Phone Instrument, In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC), Copenhagen, 2007.
[20] Jang, I. J., Park, W. B., Signal Processing of the Accelerometer for Gesture Awareness on Handheld Devices, Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, California, USA, 2003.
[21] Jieun Oh, Jorge Herrera, Nicholas J. Bryan, Luke Dahl, Ge Wang, Evolving The Mobile Phone Orchestra, In Proceedings of the Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, pp. 82-87, Sydney, Australia, 2010.
[22] Brent Hurtig, Synthesizer Basics, H. Leonard Books, 1988.
[23] Atau Tanaka, Mobile Music Making, In Proceedings of the Conference on New
Interfaces for Musical Expression, pp. 154–156, June 2004.