臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

尼亞佐夫帶領土庫曼脫離舊蘇聯；李光耀帶領新加坡脫離馬來西亞聯邦，二人在獨立建國後，對兩國國內做了奠基的努力與政經建設，但是尼亞佐夫、李光耀卻相同地將兩國的言論自由、新聞自由、公平的選舉競爭等加以限制，本文將深入了解土庫曼、新加坡民主的實際狀況，探究這兩位政治人物的人格特質、施政內容、以及該兩國獨立建國的背景與條件。如今尼亞佐夫已死、李光耀已交棒，該兩位政治強人的施政功過、對該兩國發展所代表的意義亦為本研究探討之要點。
李光耀和尼亞佐夫的治國思想都包括：重視穩定，為經濟發展創造條件；用國家的政策支持，促進經濟發展；逐漸地進行政治體制修正，把政治體制推遲到經濟發展以後。而在具體做法上，由於新加坡和土庫曼的國情不同，二者有一些不同的政策。如新加坡的打開國門引進跨國公司和組屋制度，土庫曼的發展本國天然氣出口和推進新農村運動等。李光耀和尼亞佐夫的治國思想的推展，和他們所處的時代是分不開的：冷戰時代的國家生存危機的壓力。
「家族企業」與「政治壓迫」及「菁英主義」使得李光耀為人詬病，但卻不能掩蓋其政治光圈，而尼亞佐夫的封建式統治不獨表現爲絕對的一言堂，還突出表現在他的霸道作風上。這二方威權政治在時代社會現實的差異下有了截然不同的後果，筆者認為正是尼亞佐夫與李光耀執政前天差地遠的執政經驗所造成，「霸權」雖然可以快速的穩固風雨飄搖中的國家政體，但並非施政者的長久之計！

In the early years, S.A. Niyazov, first president of Turkmenistan. and Lee Kuan-Yew, first prime minister of Singapore. Both of them led their country into independence. two independent state after the two countries'' domestic efforts and political and economic construction of the foundation, but Niyazov, Lee Kuan Yew was the sametheir freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and fair electoral competition, and so be restricted to this article will learn more about the actual situation of the Turkmen, Singapore democratic explore the personality of these two political figures, policy content, as well as an independent nation of the two countriesbackground and conditions. Today, Lee Kuan Yew has been passing on the baton, the policy merits and demerits of the two political strongman Saparmurat Niyazov is dead, the development of the two countries on behalf of the significance of this study to explore the points. Lee Kuan Yew and Niyazov''s rule of thought include: emphasis on stability and create conditions for economic development; support national policy to promote economic development; gradually the political system correction, the political system be postponed until after the economic development. In practice, due to the different situation in Singapore and Turkmenistan, two different policies. Such as Singapore, opening its doors to the introduction of multinational companies and HDB system, development of Turkmenistan''s national gas exports and promote the new rural sports. The promotion of Lee Kuan Yew and Niyazov''s rule of thinking, and they live in an era: the pressure of the crisis of national survival of the Cold War era."Family Business" and "political oppression" and "elitist" makes the man of Lee Kuan Yew criticized, but can not hide its political aperture, and the feudal rule of Niyazov not only the performance of an absolute one-man, also highlighted in on his high-handed style. The two authoritarian political differences in times of social reality has been a distinct consequences, the experience in governance of Niyazov with Lee Kuan Yew ruling the day already far away, but not long-term plan of the policy makers!

中文摘要································································ i
英文摘要································································ ii
誌謝·································································· iii
目次··································································· iv
表目次································································· vi
圖目次································································· vii
相關專有名詞縮寫一覽表·················································viii
第一章 緒論 ························································ 1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的······································· 1
一、研究動機············································ 1
二、研究目的············································ 2
第二節 研究途徑與研究方法······································· 4
一、研究方法············································ 4
二、研究途徑············································ 5
第三節 文獻探討················································ 14
一、理論文獻部份······································· 14
二、土庫曼文獻部份····································· 16
三、新加坡文獻部份····································· 17
第四節 研究範圍與限制·········································· 29
一、研究範圍··········································· 29
二、研究限制··········································· 29
第五節 論文架構················································ 30
第二章 尼亞佐夫與土庫曼··············································· 33
第一節 土庫曼斯坦建國與發展··································· 33
第二節 尼亞佐夫的人格特質····································· 36
一、人格特質的分類····································· 36
二、五大人格特質······································· 37
三、內外控的人格特質··································· 38
四、尼亞佐夫生平······································· 39
第三節 尼亞佐夫的政治理念····································· 43
一、政治發展主張······································· 43
二、經濟發展理念······································· 44
三、外交發展取向······································· 45
第四節 尼亞佐夫治理下的土庫曼斯坦····························· 47
一、土庫曼民主黨成立的背景和概況························ 47
二、土庫曼民主黨的性質、宗旨和任務······················ 48
三、民主黨的基本原則、組織機構和組織條例················ 48
四、民主黨的內外政策和任務····························· 52
五、民主黨在該國中的地位和作用·························· 52
第五節 小結··················································· 54
第三章 李光耀與新加坡·················································· 57
第一節 新加坡建國與發展······································· 57
一、新加坡地理人文····································· 57
二、獨立前歷史········································· 59
三、經濟產業··········································· 61
四、國防··············································· 61
第二節 李光耀的人格特質······································· 62
一、早年生平··········································· 63
二、政治經歷··········································· 63
第三節 李光耀的政治理念······································· 65
第四節 李光耀治理下的新加坡··································· 67
一、政治發展主張······································· 67
二、淡馬錫控股（TEMASEK HOLDINGS）······················ 69
三、經濟發展理念······································· 72
四、外交發展取向······································· 76
第五節 小結··················································· 79
第四章 尼亞佐夫與李光耀的比較········································ 81
第一節 世人眼中的土庫曼與新加坡······························· 81
第二節 李、尼人格比較········································· 88
一、強勢控制媒體，宣傳領導神話·························· 88
二、白色恐怖，控制政府官員及人民························ 89
三、「神格化」造就個人崇拜······························ 90
四、崇尚權力，實行家長式封建專制························ 91
第三節 李、尼治下的國家比較··································· 94
一、重視穩定··········································· 94
二、運用國家政策······································· 96
第四節 小結 ·················································· 99
第五章 結論 ······················································ 101
第一節 研究發現·············································· 101
一、過份的威權政治導致衰敗···························· 101
二、威權政治在動盪時代的功能··························· 103
三、教育與洗腦──李光耀與尼亞佐夫在教育上的最大不同點· 104
第二節 研究展望·············································· 106
一、本研究在重視民意、為人民設想...···················· 106
二、培養優秀人才乃當務之急···························· 106
徵引書目······························································ 109
簡歷·································································· 115

中文專書
1. 傅仁坤主編，《中亞─神祕豐富的國度》(台北：三文印書館，2002)
2. 傅仁坤主編，《發現中亞》(台北：三文印書館，2005)
3. 傅仁坤主編，《深入中亞》(中壢：清雲科技大學歐亞研究中心，2007)
4. 傅仁坤，《認識中亞》(中壢：清雲科技大學歐亞研究中心，2007)
5. 傅仁坤，《中亞論壇》(中壢：清雲科技大學歐亞研究中心，2007)
6. 傅仁坤，《中亞五國政經現況與展望》(中壢：清雲科技大學歐亞研究中心，
2005)
7. 邢廣成主編，《應對挑戰－俄羅斯東歐中亞發展報告（2005）》（北京：社會
科學文獻出版社，2006）。
8. 潘志平主編，《中亞的地緣政治文化》（烏魯木齊：新疆人民出版社，2002）。
9. 杭廷頓、柏格編，《杭廷頓&柏格看全球化大趨勢》(台北：時報文化出版，
2002)
10. 潘志平，《神遊中亞》(烏魯木齊：新疆人民出版社，2006)
11. 施玉宇，《列國志－土庫曼斯坦》(北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2005)
12. 伯希和等著，《中亞簡史》（北京：中華書局，2005）
13. 馬大正，《中亞五國史綱》（新疆：新疆人民出版社，2005）
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16. 李光耀，《李光耀回憶錄1965-2000》（台北：世界書局，1998）
17. 馮清蓮，《新加坡人民行動黨》（上海：上海人民出版社，1975）
18. 許承璽，《中山先生民族主義進化論闡微》（台北：覺園出版社，1992）
19. 黃向陽，《德育原理》（上海：華東師範大學出版社，2000）
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109
21. 杜振吉，《倫理的智慧》（濟南：齊鲁書社，2002）
22. 李鑫煒，《大國衝突與世界秩序》（北京：中國社會科學出版社，2000）
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28. 郭俊麟，《新加坡的政治領袖與政治領導》（台北：生智文化，1998）
29. 韓福光，《李光耀治國之鑰》（台北：天下遠見出版，1999）
中文期刊與論文
1. 陳啓民，〈風雷激盪土庫曼，台亞協會成立四週年紀念論文集（中壢：清雲
科技大學，2004 年）。
2. 傅仁坤，〈中亞五國對外貿易政策之比較〉，中亞對外經貿與交通運輸議題學
術研討會，（中壢：清雲科技大學，歐亞研究中心，2007）。
學位論文
1. 陳必修，〈國家發展與政黨政治－中、新兩國之比較〉，臺北：臺灣師範大學
大學碩士論文，1998。
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2009。
3. 孫丕澄，〈俄中在中亞的能源競逐〉，中壢：清雲科技大學論文，2010。
4. 蔡純真，〈政治領導與政治繼承－李光耀個案研究〉，高雄：中山大學論文，
2001
5. 黎淑慧，〈新加坡人民行動黨的研究〉，台北：文化大學論文1984
110
6. 郭俊麟，〈政治領袖與政治領導〉，台北：臺灣大學論文 1997
7. 林幸瑩，〈新加坡的政治發展〉，台北：政治大學論文 1984
8. 王君容，〈後李光耀時期新加坡外交政策之研究1990-2007〉，台北：淡江大
學論文，2007
9. 郭俊麟，〈李光耀主政後的新加坡政治－威權抗拒的結構分析〉，台北：臺灣
大學論文，2006
10. 鄭姿伶，〈新加坡的菁英主義〉，高雄：中山大學論文，1998
11. 張永昌，〈領導行為理論與實踐－新加坡李光耀行為之個案研究〉，高雄：中
山大學論文，民91
12. 周忠平，〈新加坡威權政治之形成與發展〉，台北：淡江大學論文，2000
13. 施美娟，〈新加坡人力資源之研究－國家競爭力觀點〉，台北：淡江大學論文，
2003
14. 李偉欽，〈李光耀民主社會主義的形成與消失〉，台北：淡江大學論文，2005
15. 葉晏綾，〈新加坡廉政制度之研究〉，台北：淡江大學論文，2007
16. 湯干君，〈新加坡的文官行政與治理〉，台北：淡江大學論文，2010
英文專書
1. Fu, Jen-kun, Taiwan and the geopolipics of the Asian-American dilemma, New
York：Praeger, 1992）
2. James P Dorian, Oil and Gas in Central Asia and Northwest China,, UK: CWC
Publishing Ltd, 2001.
3. Carole Blackwell, Tradition and society in Turkmenistan: gender, oral culture
and song , Richmond：Curzon Press, 2001.
4. Sebastien Peyrouse, Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of
Development , New York：M.E. Sharpe Inc, 2011.
5. Bogdan Szajkowski, Political parties of Eastern Europe, Russia, and the
successor states , New York：Groves Dictionaries Inc, 1994.
6. Luca Anceschi, Turkmenistan''s foreign policy: positive neutrality and the
consolidation of the Turkmen Regime , New York：Routledge, 2009.
7. Books Llc“Political Parties in Turkmenistan: Politics of Turkmenistan,
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, Republican Party of Turkmenistan ,
Memphis：General Books, 2010.
8. Gavin Peebles,Peter Wilson, Economic Growth and Development in Singapore:
Past and Future , United Kingdom：Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002.
9. Diane K. Mauzy,Robert Stephen Milne, Singapore politics under the People''s
Action Party , London：Routledge, 2002.
10. Johnny Sung, Explaining the economic success of Singapore : The
Developmental Worker As the Missing Link , London：Edward Elgar Publishing,
2006.
11. Michael Leifer, Singapore''s Foreign Policy Coping with Vulnerability , London:
Routledge, 2000.
12. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies , New Haven：Yale
University Press, 1968.
13. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four , London ：Secker and Warburg, 1949.
14. George Orwell, Animal Farm , London：Secker and Warburg, 1945.
俄文專書
1. Чжен Кун Фу，Методология Политической Науки: Новая Геополитика,
Алматы: Центр Сравнительного Изучения Регионов, 2000, с.37-52; Чжен
Кун Фу,
2. Чжен Кун Фу. Геополитка Казахстана:Между Прошлым и Будущим
(Алматы: Жеті жаргы, 1999) C.11
英文期刊論文
1. Fu, Jen-kun, Taiwan and the geopolipics of the Asian-American dilemma, New
York：Praeger，1992.
2. Luca Anceschi, Analyzing Turkmen Foreign Policy in the Berdymuhammedov
Era, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 6, No. 4, 2008.
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8. BBC 中文網（http://news.bbc.co.uk）
9. 中國經濟網（http://big5.ce.cn）
10. 香港瑞豐會計事務所(http://www.rf.hk)
11. C.I.A. (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook)
12. The Economist(http://www.economist.com)
13. The Guardian(http://www.guardian.co.uk)
14. United States Department of Defense, ( http://www.defense.gov/)
15. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore(http://app.mfa.gov.sg)
The Kremlin Official Website(http://www.kremlin.ru)