臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

無線射頻辨識系統(Radio Frequency Identification System; RFID)是一種將無線射頻技術引用在ID識別功能上的組合，利用微小的電子式標籤(RFID Tag)將資料訊號經由射頻傳輸技術回傳至感應辨識系統(RFID Reader)辨識資訊，以達到具有遠距、輕巧、便利、快速、具穿透性的優勢。一個完整的無線射頻辨識系統(Radio Frequency Identification System; RFID)系統主要應包含三樣組件之設計: 無線射頻辨識標籤(RFID Tag)、感應辨識系統(RFID Reader)以及天線(Antenna)三部份的設計。其中無線射頻辨識標籤與感應辨識系統的設計上又可略分為前端硬體類比電路之設計與後端軟體編解碼之設計，而天線的設計上，主要依具使用頻段上的不同，可略分為感應耦合式(Inductive coupling)天線與反向散射耦合式(Backscatter Coupling)天線這兩種設計。而本篇論文的研究方向將著重於討論RFID系統中前端硬體類比電路整合與其天線之研製，後端軟體數位訊號編解碼與加密的部份將不設篇幅探討，文中另一個研究的重點在於研製可適用於高頻微波(Microwave)頻段RFID系統的天線之設計，以符合國際規範2.45GHz/5.8GHz ISM bands (2.400-2.4835GHz)與(5.725-5.875GHz)做為設計的架構探討。本論文中將提出的新型式的平板天線，具有多頻段整合、低成本、輕薄短小、結構簡易、易於製程等多項優點，所以此天線具有高經濟價值的優勢，而在此天線的實測參數中，在每一個頻段規範內，都具有良好的阻抗匹配(Impedance Matching)和輻射場型(radiation pattern)外亦具有極高的天線增益(antenna gain)，都在下文中一一呈現。

RFID System is one kind of Radio Frequency techonolog which can be used in identification system. It comprises RFID Tag and RFID Reader, which comunicate with each other by electromagnetic coupling. The advantages of RFID are long distance transfering, light, fast speed, and penetration ability. A complete RFID system has three basic components; RFID Tag, RFID Reader, and Antenna. RFID Tag and RFID Reader can be separated into RF Analog Front-End circuit and Digital Format Function circuit. About the antenna designs, there are diffent frequencies with different radio radiation techonolog. It can be Inductive coupling radiation or Backscatter coupling radiation design. This article will focus on discussing about RFID RF Analog Front-End circuit and Antenna design, the Digital Format Function will not be included in our research. Another research point is how to design the RFID antenna that can be used in microwave frequency. The microwave frequency is with International Standard in 2.45GHz ISM bands and in 5.8GHz ISM bands. In this article, we will talk about the new substrate of patch antenna, which has multiple frequencies combination, tiny architectonic, easy manufacture, and convenient integration. The new substrate of patch antenna has very high value of economy because of its low costing to manufacture, easy to produce and simple structure. Also, in this antenna's measure parameters, the new substrate of patch antenna has the best impedance matching, radiation pattern and the highest antenna gain in every frequency ranges. Please follow our article and you will see the new technology of antenna world.

第一章 序論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
1.1 研究背景與動機 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
1.2 研究目的 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
1.3 論文流程架構 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．4

第二章 無線射頻辨識系統簡介 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
2.1 無線射頻辨識系統 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
2.1.1 無線射頻辨識系統使用頻段之規範與區別 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．6
2.2 HF頻段射頻辨識系統組織與架構 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．8
2.2.1 HF頻段射頻辨識系統架構．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．8
2.2.2 電子式標籤架構 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9
2.2.3 感應辨識系統架構 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 11
2.3 磁感耦合原理 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 12
2.3.1 磁圈自感原理 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 12
2.3.2 磁圈互感與變壓器原理 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 15
2.4 調變方式 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 18
2.4.1 三種調變方式的比較 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 18
2.5 負載調變理論探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 21
2.6 兩種頻段之天線設計區別與考量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 24
2.6.1 天線設計頻段之區別概述 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 24
2.6.2 磁感耦合能量與距離之關連性 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 25
2.6.3 Q值設計與頻寬考量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 25
2.6.4 反向散射耦合原理 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 27

第三章 感應卡端類比電路與其天線之設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．28
3.1 感應卡之射頻類比前端設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．28
3.2 ASK解調變電路與時脈產生電路 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．29
3.2.1 ASK解調變電路之設計 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．29
3.2.2 時脈產生電路之設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．34
3.3 負載調變回傳端電路之設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．35
3.4 HF頻段磁感耦合式天線製作．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．39
3.5 整合天線端訊號測試．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．40
3.6 PCB Layout整合訊號測試．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．43

第四章 感應辨識系統端類比電路與其天線之設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．47
4.1 感應辨識系統之射頻類比前端設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．47
4.2 13.56MHz晶體振盪電路．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．48
4.2.1 晶體振盪電路之設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．48
4.3 Tx傳送端電路．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．50
4.3.1 ASK調變電路與其放大輸出級之設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．50
4.3.2 ASK調變整合式電路設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．53
4.4 Rx接收端電路．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．56
4.4.1 Rx接收端電路之設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．56
4.5 整合天線端之RFID系統訊號測試 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．59

第五章 微波頻段天線設計的相關原理與特性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 62
5.1 遠場天線設計的考量與應注意的事項 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 62
4.1.1 電磁波的傳播 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 62
4.1.2 天線的定義?何謂天線? ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 63
5.2 天線的輻射效率考量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．64
5.3 天線的極化方向考量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．64
5.4 天線的輻射場型考量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．65
5.5 天線的指向性與增益考量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．67

第六章 可適用微波頻段RFID系統之新型式平板天線設計．．．．．．．．．．．．68
6.1 RDESPAs-1同軸饋入式平板天線設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．68
6.2.1 RDESPAs-1之電流趨向探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．70
6.2.2 RDESPAs-1之場型實測探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．72
6.2 RDESPAs-2同軸饋入式平板天線探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．74
6.2.1 RDESPAs-2之場型實測探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．75
6.3 RDESPAs-3同軸饋入式平板天線探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．77
6.3.1 RDESPAs-3之場型實測探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．78
6.4 可適用於微波頻段RFID系統之RDESPAs三型式比較．．．．．．．．．．．．． 80
6.4.1 RDESPAs三樣式之增益比較 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．80
6.4.2 RDESPAs三型式之實用比較 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．82

第七章 結語與未來展望．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．83

參考文獻 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．84

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