臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文研製一1 kW全橋相移轉換器含倍流器作為定電流充電器。該倍流器採用環形鐵芯繞組之自耦變壓器(toroid-core-wound autotransformer)設計。相較單電感設計，由於轉換過渡區間(transition period)較小，可以增大有效週期(valid duty)。電池充電方法採用定電流(CC)模式，並以系統監控電池充電狀態，適時調整控制器相移訊號，以保持定電流輸出。轉換器在輕載以接近零電流切換(ZCS)模式運作；重載以零電壓切換(ZVS)模式運作，以保持轉換器高效率。本研究採用UC3875作為PWM控制器，利用相移之信號時序，調變工作週期，控制轉換器進行充電。本研究製作之全橋相移轉換器規格：輸入380V，輸出48 V，對一組48 V鉛酸電池組以定電流20 A進行充電。實驗結果證實1 kW輸出功率轉換效率達90%。

This thesis aims to develop a 1-kW phase-shift full-bridge converter with a toroid-core-wound autotransformer designed current doubler rectifier as a battery charger. Comparing with the use of single inductor rectifier, the valid duty of the converter can be extended because of the smaller transition period. Using constant current mode as our battery charging method, by adjusting the phase shift of the control signal we are able to maintain constant current through the whole charging period. The converter acts close to zero-current switching (ZCS) at light load and keeps the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) at heavy load, which allows the converter work in high efficiency. In this study, the controller UC3875 is employed to provide the phase-shift signals for stabilizing the output current constant. The specification of the converter is 380V input and 48V output. A 1-kW converter is implemented to verify the estimation results. A set of 48V lead-acid battery was charged by the converter with constant current of 20A, and it proves that the efficiencty under 1 kW output power was over 90%.

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景與動機 1
1.2系統概述 2
1.4論文架構 6
第二章 單一電感濾波器之相移全橋轉換器的原理與分析 8
2.1 相移全橋轉換器原理 8
2.2 相移零電壓切換方法 9
第三章 倍流器濾波原理與分析 19
3.1 自耦型倍流器濾波電路分析 19
第四章　相移切換控制 27
4.1 控制系統架構 27
4.2 驅動電路 29
4.3 模組並聯 29
4.3.1並聯均流控制方法簡介 29
4.3.2 均流控制電路設計 30
第五章 設計考量 32
5.1 電路元件設計 32
5.1.1 變壓器設計 32
5.1.2 自耦變壓器線圈設計 34
5.1.3 輸出電容與阻隔電容設計 35
5.1.4 功率開關特性 36
5.1.5 控制器設計 37
5.2 鉛酸電池特性概述 40
5.2.1電池特性分析 41
5.2.2充電特性 43
第六章 設計實例 46
6.1設計規格 46
6.2元件估測 46
6.3電池選用 49
第七章 實驗量測 50
7.1實驗系統架構 50
7.2 波形量測與分析 50
7.3系統效率分析 50
7.4定電流充電模式之電池充電分析 51
第八章 結論與未來展望 53
8.1結論 53
8.2未來展望 53
參考文獻 54
附錄 57

圖目錄
圖1-1系統架構圖 2
圖1-2 全橋DC/DC轉換器系統..............................................................................6
圖2-1 直流全橋轉換器架構...................................................................................8
圖2-2 零電壓諧振架構 8
圖2-3 DC/DC全橋零電壓切換波形圖.................................................................10
圖2-4轉換器操作在t0 ≦ t ≦ t1區間的示意圖.............................................11
圖2-5轉換器操作在t1 ≦ t ≦ t2區間的示意圖.............................................12
圖2-6 轉換器操作在t2 ≦ t ≦ t3區間的示意圖............................................13
圖2-7 轉換器操作在t3 ≦ t ≦ t4區間的示意圖............................................14
圖2-8 轉換器操作在t4 ≦ t ≦ t5區間的示意圖..............................................15
圖2-9轉換器操作在t5 ≦ t ≦ t6區間的示意圖..............................................16
圖2-10轉換器操作在t6 ≦ t ≦ t7區間的示意圖...........................................17
圖2-11轉換器操作在t7 ≦ t ≦ t12區間的示意圖............................................18
圖3-1 自耦型倍流器全橋電路架構 19
圖3-2 自耦型倍流器二次側等效電路 19
圖3-3 自耦型倍流器重載CCM波形 20
圖3-4 自耦型倍流器輕載近DCM波形 21
圖3-5 轉換器操作在t0 ≦ t ≦ t2區間的示意圖 22
圖3-6 轉換器操作在t2 ≦ t ≦ t3區間的示意圖 24
圖3-7 轉換器操作在t = t3的示意圖 25
圖3-8 轉換器操作在t3 ≦ t ≦ t5區間的示意圖 26
圖4-1 控制系統方塊圖 27
圖4-2 PWM訊號與開關訊號相移量示意圖 28
圖4-3 控制電路方塊圖 28
圖4-4 HCPL-3120內部功能示意圖 29
圖4-5 均流控制電路方塊圖 31
圖5-1 自耦變壓器線圈繞製示意圖 35
圖5.2 功率半導體元件電壓電流範圍 36
圖5.3 切換頻率與額定容量範圍 37
圖5-4 UC3875腳位圖 38
圖5-5 振盪頻率圖 39
圖5-6 鉛酸電池內部構造示意圖 41
圖5-7 定電壓充電法之充電特性曲線 43
圖5-8 定電流充電法之充電特性曲線 44
圖5-9定電流定電壓充電法之充電特性曲線 44
圖7-1實驗系統方塊圖...........................................................................................49
圖7-2 (a) 200 W VGS1、VGS4、VAB、ILr波形 50
圖7-2 (b) 500 W VGS1、VGS4、VAB、ILr波形 50
圖7-2 (c) 1 kW VGS1、VGS4、VAB、ILr波形 51
圖7-3 (a) 200 W VGS1、VDS1、VAB波形(timebase：2us/div)...............................51
圖7-3 (b) 500 W VGS1、VDS1、VAB波形(timebase：2us/div)...............................52
圖7-3 (c) 1k W VGS1、VDS1、VAB波形(timebase：2us/div).................................52
圖7-4 (a) 200 W VAB、ILr、ILf1、ILf2波形............................................................ 53
圖7-4 (b) 500 W VAB、ILr、ILf1、ILf2波形.............................................................53
圖7-4 (c) 1k W VAB、ILr、ILf1、ILf2波形...............................................................54
圖7-5 (a) 200 W VAB、ILr、ILf1、ILf2、IO波形......................................................54
圖7-5 (b) 500 W VAB、ILr、ILf1、ILf2、IO波形......................................................55
圖7-5 (c) 1k W VAB、ILr、ILf1、ILf2、IO波形........................................................55
圖7-6 電池電壓、轉換器duty cycle、SOC充電關係曲線圖 56
圖7-7 效率、SOC充電關係曲線圖 57
圖7-8 變壓器溫度、自耦變壓器線圈溫度、電池溫度、SOC充電關係曲線圖 57
附錄圖1. 轉換器電路對電池充電 63
附錄圖2. 功率開關規格 64
附錄圖3. 整流二極體規格 65
附錄圖4. 電池規格 66

表目錄
表1-1 基本直流轉換器架構 3
表5-1 UC3875腳位功能表 38
表6-1 設計規格 45
表6-3鐵芯參數表 46
表7-1 效率數據表 51

[1]蔡靜怡，「京都議定書」意涵探討，能源報導，2005年1月
[2]德國能源轉型政策與執行監督機制，經濟部節能減碳推動辦公室，103年
[3]P. Das, M. Pahlevaninezhad, and G. Moschopoulos, ‟Analysis and design of a new AC-DC single-stage full-bridge PWM converter with two controllers”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 4930-4946, 2013.
[4]G.Moschopoulos, and P. Jain, ‟Single-stage ZVS PWM full-bridge converter”, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 39, no. 4, pp 1122-1133, 2003.
[5]H. S. Ribeiro, and B. V. Borges, ‟Solving technical problems on the full-bridge single-stage PFCs”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 2264-2277, 2014.
[6]J. A. Sabate, V. Vlatkovic, R. B. Ridley, F. C. Lee, and B. H. Cho, ‟Design consideration for high-voltage high-power full-bridge ZVS PWM converter”, in Proc. IEEE APEC'',90, pp. 275-284, 1990.
[7]V. Vlatkovic, J. A. Sabate, R. B. Ridley, F. C. Lee, and B. H. Cho, ‟Small-signal analysis of the phase-shifted PWM converter”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 128-135, 1992.
[8]L. H. Mweene, C. A. Wright, and M. F. Scglecht, ‟A 1 kW 500 kHz Front-end Converter for A Distributed Power Supply System”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 398-407, 1991.
[9]Y.-S. Shin , S.-S. Hong , D.-J. Kim , D.-S. Oh and S.-K. Han ‟A new mode changeable full bridge dc/dc converter for wide input voltage range”, in Proc. IEEE ECCE-Asia, pp. 2328-2335, 2011.

[10]Z. Chen, M. Li, and Y Wang, ‟Analysis and design consideration of a current-fed ZVZCS phase-shifted full-bridge converter”, in Proc. IEEE PEAC, pp. 959-965, 2014.
[11]A. Jangwanitlert, ‟Analysis of a wide load variation of ZVZCS phase-shifted PWM full-bridge DC-DC converter”, in Proc. IEEE IEECON, pp.1-4, 2014.
[12]S. Lee, C. Park, J. Kwon, and B. Kwon, ‟Hybrid-Type Full-Bridge DC/DC Converter With High Efficiency”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 4156-4164, 2014.
[13]R. Redl, N. O. Sokal, and L. Balogh, ‟A novel soft-switching full-bridge DC/DC converter: analysis, design considerations, and experimental results at 1.5 kW, 100 kHz”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 6, no. 3, pp.408-418, 1991.
[14]Y. Jang and M. M. Jovanović, ‟A newZVS-PWM full-bridge converter”, in Proc. IEEE INTELEC''02, pp. 232-239, 2002.
[15]Y. Bao, S. Li, J. Jiang, and W. Zhang, ‟Research and improvement of a zero-voltage zero-current switching full-bridge converter, ” in Proc. IEEE PESC, pp. 825-829, 2008.
[16]N. H. Kutkut, D. M. Divan , and R. W. Gascoigne, ‟An improved full-bridge zero-voltage-switching pwm converter using a two-inductor rectifier, ” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vo1. 31, no. 1, 1995, pp. 119-126.
[17]N. H. Kutkut, ‟A full-bridge soft-switched telecom power supply with a current-doubler rectifier”, in 1997 Proc. IEEE INTELEC Conf., Melbourne, Australia, pp. 344-351.
[18]J.A. Sabate, V. Vlatkovic, R.B. Ridley, F.C. Lee, and B.H. Cho, ‟Design considerations for high-voltage highpower full-bridge zero voltage-switched PWM converter using a saturable inductor,” in 1990 Proc. IEEE APEC, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 275–284.
[19]X. Ruan, and J. Wang, ‟Calculation of the resonant capacitor of the improved current-doubler-rectifier ZVS PWM full-bridge converter”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electronics., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 518-520, Apr. 2004.
[20]B.-R. Lin, K. Huang, and D. Wang, ‟Analysis and implementation of full-bridge converter with current doubler rectifier,” IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 1193-1202, Sept. 2005.
[21]A. Pietkiewicz and D. Tollik, ‟Coupled-Inductor Current-Doubler Topology in Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Dc-Dc Converter,” in Proc. IEEE INTELEC Conf., San Francisco, CA, pp. 41-48, Oct. 1998.
[22]X. Ruan, J. Wang, and Q. Chen, ‟An Improved Current-Doubler-Rectifier ZVS PWM Full-Bridge Converter,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, vol. 4, Vancouver, BC, pp. 1749 -1754, Jun 2001.
[23]T. F. Wu, C. T. Tsai, Y. D. Chang, and Y. M. Chen, ‟Analysis and Implementation of an Improved Current-Doubler Rectifier With Coupled Inductors,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 6, pp.2681-2693, Nov. 2008.
[24]B.Y. Chen and Y.S. Lai, ‟Switching Control Technique of Phase-Shift Controlled Full-Bridge Converter to Improve Efficiency Under Light-Load and Standby Conditions Without Additional Auxiliary Components,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1001-1011, Apr. 2010.
[25]IRFP460, Data Sheet, International Rectifier.
[26]UC3875, Data Sheet, Texas Instruments, June. 1999.
[27]VO3120, Data Sheet, Vishay Semiconductors, 2002.
[28]LONGEST 12150(GC2-1275), Data Sheet, SEBANG.
[29]蔡宣三, ‟并联开关电源的均流技术,” 电工电能新技术, pp. 12-15, Mar. 1995.
[30]鐵芯規格表, Alwin Electronics Co., Ltd.,
http://ft.alwin168.com/products_detail/&;productId=146.html
[31]Mohan, Undeland, and Robbins, ‟Power Electronics: converter, applications and design,” John Wiley, 1989.
[32]鄭培璿, 電力電子分析與模擬, 全華科技圖書股份有限公司，民國91年。