臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著全球經濟發展迅速，國際貿易及船舶運輸跟著得到空前的發展，而海上運輸量已占交通總運輸量的四分之一。廿世紀的60～70年代，船用燃料價格低廉，市場景況佳，航運利潤大，耗油量不是船公司重視的主要指標。近年來，隨著燃油價格一漲再漲，目前燃油成本已占運輸成本的比例驟增，海上貨運量逐年大幅度增長，船舶噸位跟著不斷增加，船舶對燃油的需求量亦大幅提高，國際燃油價格居高不下，燃油費已成為船公司運輸成本中最大的支出；同時船舶主機運轉時排放的廢油廢水及廢氣所造成的環境污染也日趨嚴重。因此，國際各相關海事及污染防制機構一直予以高度重視，節能減排工作成為當今航運界乃至世界各國一項首要任務。
本論文依現今學界與各航運公司所提出的各種節能低排放廢氣的方法優缺點理論基礎上，對船舶減速航行與主機長期低負荷運轉下，以國內大海運公司第一艘主機配備有3部排氣過給機，將主機No.2排氣過給機隔離運轉為例，排氣過給機隔離運轉節能原理和存在的問題及其技術對策進行較詳細地分析與研究。並分別闡述減速航行時合理航速的確定、主機長期低負荷運轉排氣過給機隔離運轉節能技術在應用上的限制。結合理論分析與實際現場數據，本論文最後在管理上提供一實施船舶主機長期運轉於排氣過給機隔離運轉節能的具體措施。

關鍵詞：船舶、減速航行、排氣過給機隔離

ABSTRACT
With the rapid development of the global economy, international trade and ship transport have been unprecedented development, and sea transportation accounted for a quarter of the total transportation volume. In the 1960s and 1970s, the price of the marine bunker was low, the market situation was good, the shipping profit was large, and the fuel consumption was not the main issue of the ship company's attention. In recent years, with the fuel prices rose again and again, the currently fuel costs accounted for the proportion of the surge in transport costs, sea freight volume increased significantly year after year, ship tonnage followed by increasing ship demand for fuel also increased significantly, High fuel costs have become the largest shipping costs of shipping companies; at the same time the ship's host emissions of waste oil waste water and waste caused by environmental pollution is also becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, the relevant international maritime and pollution control agencies have been attached great importance to energy conservation and emission reduction work in today's shipping industry and even the world a top priority.
Based on the merits and demerits of the methods of energy saving and low emission of waste gas proposed by the current academic and shipping companies, the paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the ship's deceleration and long-term low-load operation. One of shipping company has been carried out No.2 exhaust gas turbocharger cut out on the vessel where was equipped three sets exhaust gas turbocharger. The principle of energy saving and the existing problems and the technical countermeasures are analyzed and studied in detail. And the deceleration of the speed of navigation to determine the reasonable speed, the host long-term low-load operation exhaust gas over the machine to isolate the operation of energy-saving technology in the application of restrictions. Combined with the theoretical analysis and the actual field data, this paper finally in the management of the implementation of a long-term low load operation of the ship's main engine with isolated one exhaust gas turbocharger the operation of energy-saving specific measures.

Keyword: Continer ship, low-speed, cut-off turbocharge

目錄
目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………v
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vi
表目錄…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………viii
摘要………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.1前言………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.2研究動機與目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………9
1.3文獻回顧……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
1.4論文架構……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
第二章 柴油主機運轉理論…………………………………………………………………………………………13
2.1 在相同柴油機轉速下掃氣壓力下降 ……………………………………………………………13
2.2 在同樣柴油機負荷轉速下掃氣壓力升高……………………………………………………14
2.3 在相同柴油機轉速下排氣過給機進口溫度升高…………………………………… 15
2.4 故障排除實例…………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
第三章 排氣過給機基礎理論……………………………………………………………………………………18
3.1 機械式過給機…………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
3.2 傳統排氣過給機……………………………………………………………………………………………………19
3.3 可變葉片式排氣過給機………………………………………………………………………………………20
第四章 實船性能分析……………………………………………………………………………………………………23
4.1 排氣過給機………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
4.2 二行程柴油機…………………………………………………………………………………………………………24
4.3 劣質燃油……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
4.4 實船測試與探討……………………………………………………………………………………………………36
第五章 結論與展望………………………………………………………………………………………………………44
5.1 結果與討論……………………………………………………………………………………………………………44
5.2 未來展望…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………45
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………48

圖目錄
圖1.1 全球主要船型造價指數變化趨勢 ……………………………………………………………4
圖1.2 全球造船業三大指標變化趨勢…………………………………………………………………5
圖1.3 全球及各經濟體GDP增速 (2015-2018E)……………………………………………6
圖1.4 全球集運新船交付和舊船拆解量 (百萬TEU) ,2015-2019E) …6
圖1.5 散裝船運-閒置運輸百分比及拆船率 (2010-2018E) ………………………7
圖1.6 中海環球19,100Teu…………………………………………………………………………………………7
圖1.7 地中海奧斯卡19,244Teu………………………………………………………………………………7
圖1.8 商船三井成就20,170Teu………………………………………………………………………………8
圖1.9 主機輸出功率與航速比……………………………………………………………………………………8
圖1.10 額定輸出與耗油率關係…………………………………………………………………………………10
圖2.1 排煙管包紮前……………………………………………………………………………………………………16
圖2.2 排煙管包紮後……………………………………………………………………………………………………16
圖2.3 大修保養、清潔缸套………………………………………………………………………………………17
圖2.4 缸頭清潔/進、排氣閥研磨…………………………………………………………………………17
圖2.5 潔活塞並換新活塞環………………………………………………………………………………………17
圖3.1葉片式(Vane)………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
圖3.2 魯式(Roots)………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
圖3.3 溫克爾(Wankle)………………………………………………………………………………………………19
圖3.4 渦輪增壓器之實圖……………………………………………………………………………………………19
圖3. 5 渦輪增壓器循環原理……………………………………………………………………………………20
圖3. 6 電子可變葉片式渦輪增壓器……………………………………………………………………21
圖3. 7 可變葉片式渦輪增壓器……………………………………………………………………………22
圖4. 1 主機NO.2排氣過給機隔離示意圖…………………………………………………………23
圖4. 2 排氣過給機掃氣與排氣通道……………………………………………………………………24
圖4. 3 二行程柴油主機單流掃氣示意圖……………………………………………………………24
圖4. 4 二行程柴油機timing示意圖…………………………………………………………………25
圖4. 5 駕駛台主機操控示意圖………………………………………………………………………………26
圖4. 6 124航次輪機摘要報表………………………………………………………………………………27
圖4. 7 125航次輪機摘要報表……………………………………………………………………………28
圖4. 8 0708-108航次輪機摘要報表…………………………………………………………………29
圖4. 9 冒黑煙………………………………………………………………………………………………………………30
圖4. 10 活塞環膠著及斷裂………………………………………………………………………………………30
圖4.11 活塞冠易積碳，積碳過厚恐造成缸套異常磨耗………………………………30
圖4.12 活塞環卡住或斷令加速缸套磨耗……………………………………………………………31
圖4.13排氣過給機掃氣排氣葉輪噴嘴……………………………………………………………………31
圖4.14 煙道中之節熱器煙側加速髒污…………………………………………………………………31
圖4.15 主機缸套低溫腐蝕…………………………………………………………………………………………32
圖4.16 掃氣室汙染………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
圖4.17 排氣過給機 排氣進口及掃氣出口控制閥……………………………………………25
圖4.18 排氣過給機隔離後掃氣壓力提升……………………………………………………………30
圖4.19 Engines with two turbochargers and one turbocharger cut-out. A SFOC reduction of 1 to 3g/kwh in the power range of 25 to 35%…………………………………………………………………………………………………31
圖4.20 Engines with four turbochargers and one turbocharger cut-out Approx. 5g/kwh reduction of SFOC and 0.33bar increase in scavenge air pressure at 50% power. (1 T/C cut-out of 4 T/Cs)…………………………………………………………………………………………31
圖4.21 Turbocharger cut out reference
list………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
圖4.22 主機依不同負荷紀錄測試數據之總表…………………………………………………34
圖4.23 25%主機負荷測試數據………………………………………………………………………………38
圖4.24 50%主機負荷測試數據………………………………………………………………………………39
圖4.25 75%主機負荷測試數據………………………………………………………………………………43
圖4.26 85%主機負荷測試數據………………………………………………………………………………41
圖4.27主機空氣冷卻器及進塢時送岸清洗…………………………………………………………43
圖5.1 掃氣旁通閥/管道示意圖……………………………………………………………………………45
圖5.2 掃氣旁通閥/管道改裝示意圖…………………………………………………………………46

 
表目錄
表1. 歷年國際主要原油價格………………………………………………………………………………………31
表2. 主機重要數據整理表……………………………………………………………………………………………31

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