臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

口蹄疫 (FMD)、豬水&;#30129;病 (SVD)、水&;#30129;性口炎 (VS) 及水&;#30129;疹 (VE) 皆屬高度傳染性之動物水&;#30129;性疾病，這些疾病於臨床上常被疑惑而不易區別診斷。近年來陸續研發建立能檢測口蹄疫抗體檢測方法且能有效區別其他水&;#30129;性疾病，包括sandwich ELISA、sigleplex Luminex及multiplex Luminex (xMAP) 等三種方法。使用的試驗重組蛋白產製於原核大腸桿菌 (E.coli.) 表現系統，經純化而高度保留口蹄疫病毒 (FMDV) O/TW/1997 病毒株的VP1結構蛋白及O/TW/1999病毒株的3ABC非結構蛋白等抗原決定位區域，藉此利用特異性的重組蛋白量產製作單株抗體，以間接結合方式分別建立盤式及微珠等複合型界面檢測平台，應用在血清樣品中的FMDV標的抗體如結構蛋白 (SP-VP1) 及非結構蛋白 (NSP-3ABC) 等評估與分析。在第一項研究中，sandwich ELISA經試驗檢測結果於診斷敏感性 (Dsn) 大致可達98.4%，及於健康和免疫豬隻所測試之診斷特異性 (Dsp) 可達100%，從NSP抗體檢測能力顯示相當於prioCHECK和UBI等商品化試劑，以sandwich ELISA進一步分別與prioCHECK、UBI及CHEKIT等商品化試劑比較分析後，發現一致性分別為97.5%、93.4%及66.6%，其中Kappa統計分析值各為0.95、0.87及0.37。且sandwich ELISA除了可檢測台灣O型口蹄疫病毒株之外，也可檢測其他六種血清型如A、C、Asia 1、SAT 1、SAT 2、SAT 3等牛源血清中的NSP抗體。第二項研究以sigleplex Luminex分析檢測64支感染、307支免疫及280支健康等豬隻血清中的FMDV-NSP抗體，於感染樣品之Dsn可高達100%， Dsp之分析結果顯示免疫樣品可達98.7%，及於健康樣品可達97.5-100%。比較sigleplex Luminex 及商品化3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA二者之一致性為96.3%，且Kappa統計值為0.92。經試驗顯示sigleplex Luminex與sandwich ELISA二者於感染後的豬隻最早可於第八天檢測到NSP-3ABC抗體。然而，以sigleplex Luminex方法檢測15頭經攻毒而仍出現典型水泡病變的免疫豬皆呈現NSP抗體陽轉反應，sandwich ELISA則只有11頭呈現陽轉反應。第三項研究以xMAP Luminex評估單一血清樣品可同時檢測到FMDV SP-VP1及NSP-3ABC等抗體。經試驗結果顯示，於661支來自感染、健康及免疫等豬隻血清樣品，評估FMDV-SP抗體之Dsn約為90.0-98.7%，及Dsp為93.0-96.5%。然而評估FMDV-NSP抗體之Dsn為90.0%，及Dsp為93.3-99.1%。以xMAP檢測SP及NSP抗體之最早出現時期分別在感染後之第4天及第8天，且可自免疫一次的15頭攻毒豬同時檢測出SP及NSP陽性抗體。以xMAP分別與病毒中和試驗 (VNT) 及一商品化3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA等試驗檢測感染豬血清樣品，經比較後發現於定性檢測SP及NSP抗體有存在顯著的正相關，然於xMAP及VNT之定量比較後發現二者之相關性頗低，若以xMAP與blocking ELISA 檢測FMDV-NSP抗體之特異性分析則介於93.3 -94.9%。這些研究顯示各種方法之敏感性及特異性皆高於 90 % 以上，可作為區別診斷及免疫狀況等評估之參考，且不會與口蹄疫病毒以外的水&;#30129;性疾病如豬水&;#30129;病病毒及水&;#30129;性口炎病毒等所誘發的抗體產生交叉反應，因此即具有高度的試驗特異性。

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), swine vesicular disease (SVD), vesicular stomatitis (VS), and vesicular exanthema (VE) are highly contagious vesicular diseases of animal but are not able to be differentiated clinically. For the purpose of instant detecting FMD and differentiating it from the other vesicular diseases, many methods have been developed and evaluated in recent years. The structural protein VP1 gene of FMDV O/TW/1997 and the non-structural protein 3ABC gene of FMDV O/TW/1999 were constructed, respectively, into expression vectors, which were based on an Escherichia coli expression system. Subsequently, monoclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing mice with the recombinant proteins, and they were employed to develop the complex interface measurement platforms for FMDV tests. Plate and microsphere formats were developed and evaluated for their abilities in antibody detection from serum samples against structural protein (SP-VP1) and non-structural protein (NSP-3ABC) of the FMDV. In those studies, the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), singleplex Luminex and multipex Luminex (xMAP) were developed for rapid detection of the FMD antibodies. In the first study, the developed sandwich ELISA demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity (Dsn) of 98.4 % and a diagnostic specificity (Dsp) of 100 % for naive and vaccinated pigs; the detection ability of the assay was comparable with those of PrioCHECK and UBI kits. There were 97.5, 93.4 and 66.6 % agreement between the results obtained from our sandwich ELISA and those obtained from the PrioCHECK, UBI and CHEKIT kits, respectively. The kappa statistics between our ELISA and the kits were 0.95, 0.87 and 0.37, respectively. Moreover, antibodies to nonstructural proteins of the serotypes A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 were also detected in sera of infected cattle. In the secondary study, sera from 64 infected, 307 vaccinated, and 280 naive pigs were tested for the FMDV-NSP antibody by the sigleplex Luminex assay. The Dsn of the assay was 100%. The Dsp of the assay was 98.7% in vaccinated pigs and 97.5% to 100% in naive pigs. Agreement between the results from the singleplex Luminex and those from a 3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA was 96.3%, and kappa statistics gave a value of 0.92. The singleplex Luminex can detect the immune response to NSP-3ABC in swine as early as eight days post-infection as same as sandwich ELISA. Moreover, the NSP-3ABC antibody in all of the 15 vaccinated but unprotected pigs which presented vesicular lesions were detected by the singleplex Luminex assay, and the antibodies in 11 of the 15 pigs were detected this antibody by the sandwich ELISA. In the third study, an xMAP was optimized to detected antibodies to SP-VP1 and NSP-3ABC of the FMD virus simultaneously in a single serum sample. To detect SP antibodies in 661 sera from infected, naive pigs and vaccinated pigs, the DSn and DSp of the xMAP were 90.0-98.7% and 93.0-96.5%, respectively. To detect NSP antibodies, the DSn was 90% and the DSp ranged from 93.3% to 99.1%. The xMAP can detect the immune response to SP and NSP as early as 4 and 8 dpi, respectively, in the experimentally infected pigs Moreover, the SP and NSP antibodies in 15 vaccinated but unprotected pigs were detected by the xMAP. Comparing the abilities in detecting the SP and NSP antibodies in the sera of infected samples, the results from the xMAP had high positive correlation with those from the virus neutralization test (VNT) and commercially available 3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA. However, the results of xMAP had no quantitative relationship with those of the VNT. Furthermore, the specificity was 93.3-94.9% with the blocking ELISA for detecting the FMDV-NSP antibody. These studies showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the methods developed are higher than 90%, which can be as references for diagnosis and assessment of the immune status. Furthermore, the specificities of these assays were also highlighted by the absence of cross-reactions generated by antibodies against the SVDV and VSV at different titers.

Certificate
Acknowledgements
Contents I
Abstract in Chinese VII
Abstract in English IX
Chapter 1. General Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Literature review 7
2.1 Foot-mouth-disease (FMD) 7
2.1.1 History 7
2.1.2 Susceptible species 7
2.1.3 Pathogenesis 7
2.1.4 Infection routes 8
2.1.5 Transmission 9
2.1.6 Clinical signs 10
2.1.7 Subclinical and persistent infections 11
2.2 Foot-mouth-disease virus (FMDV) 12
2.2.1 Genome 12
2.2.2 Structure of viral particle 13
2.3 Characteristics and functions of viral proteins 14
2.3.1 Structural protein VP1 (1D) 14
2.3.2 Structural protein VP2 (1B) 14
2.3.3 Structural protein VP3 (1C) 15
2.3.4 Structural protein VP4 (1A) 15
2.3.5 Non-structural protein L 16
2.3.6 Non-structural protein 2A 17
2.3.7 Non-structural protein 2B 17
2.3.8 Non-structural protein 2C 17
2.3.9 Non-structural protein 3A 18
2.3.10 Non-structural protein 3B 18
2.3.11 Non-structural protein 3C 19
2.3.12 Non-structural protein 3D 20
2.4 Replication of FMDV in host cell 20
2.4.1 Virus entry 20
2.4.2 Proliferation of viral RNA and assembly of progeny virus 21
2.4.3 Virus release 21
2.5 Serotype-specific of epidemiological characteristics 21
2.5.1 Serotype O 22
2.5.2 Serotype A 22
2.5.3 Serotype C 22
2.5.4 Serotype Asia 1 23
2.5.5 Serotype SAT 1, 2, 3 23
2.6 Laboratory diagnosis 23
2.6.1 Virus neutralization test (VNT) 23
2.6.2 Virus isolation 24
2.6.3 Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 25
2.6.4 Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(RT-LAMP) 25
2.6.5 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 26
2.6.6 Differentiation between infection and vaccinated animals (DIVA) 26
2.6.7 Chromatographic strip test 27
2.6.8 Luminex assay 28
Chapter 3. Differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease-infected pigs from
vaccinated pigs using antibody-detecting sandwich ELISA 30
Introduction 31
Materials and Methods 32
Sera 32
Virus neutralization test (VNT) 32
Expression, purification and identification of the FMDV 3ABC
polypeptide 32
Mouse immunization and production of a mAb against 3ABC 33
Sandwich ELISA 33
Commercially available ELISA kits for the detection of antibodies to FMDV NSPs 33
Results 33
Isotype of the mAb 33
Stability of the control sera in the sandwich ELISA 33
Determination of the cut-off value in sandwich ELISA 33
Kinetics of the antibody response to 3ABC 34
Comparison of the sandwich ELISA and the commercially available
ELISA kits 34
Identification of recombinant protein to other FMDV serotypes using
bovine antiserum 35
Specificity evaluated using antisera against SVDV and VSV 35
Discussion 35
Tables 34-35
Figs 33-35
References 37
Chapter 4. Development of a Luminex assay for the detection of swine
antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus 39
Introduction 40
Materials and Methods 41
Serum sample 41
Virus neutralization test (VNT) 41
Preparation of 3ABC-coupled microspheres 41
Single-signature Luminex assays 42
Tests for comparison 42
Detection of vaccinated but infected pigs by Luminex assay 43
Results 43
Titration of neutralizing antibodies in experimentally infected Pigs 43
Assessment of microsphere coupling efficiency 43
Determination of cutoff value for the Luminex assay 43
Inter-assay repeatability 44
Comparison of the Luminex assay with the commercially available
ELISA and in-house methods in detecting serially sampled sera 44
Diagnostic specificity of the Luminex assay in vaccinated Pigs 44
Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Luminex assay 44
Detection of 3ABC NSP antibody in bovine antisera 45
Detection of 3ABC NSP antibody in sera against FMDV O/TW/1997
And FMDV O/TW/1999 strains 45
Analytical specificity of the Luminex assay 45
Detection of FMDV infection in vaccinated animals 45
Discussion 45
Tables 43-46
Figs 43-45
References 47
Chapter 5. Development of a multiplex Luminex assay for detecting
swine antibodies to structural and non-structural proteins of
foot-and-mouth disease virus in Taiwan 49
Introduction 51
Materials and Methods 51
Serum samples 51
Virus neutralization test (VNT) 52
Expression of recombinant FMD SP and NSP in E. coli 52
SDS-PAGE and Western blotting 53
Preparation of recombinant protein coupled microspheres 53
xMAP assays 54
Comparison of the xMAP to other assays 54
Results 54
Titration of neutralizing antibodies in experimentally infected pigs 54
Expression of SP and NSP polypeptides in E. coli 54
Assessment of microsphere coupling efficiency 55
Determination of the cutoff value for the xMAP assay 55
Comparison of the xMAP with the commercially available ELISA and
VNT in detecting sequentially sampled sera 55
Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to vaccinated pigs of the xMAP 55
Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the xMAP in experimental pigs 56
Detection of SP and NSP antibodies in sera against FMDV O/TW/1997
and O/TW/1999 strains 56
Analytical specificity of the xMAP against SVDV antibody 57
Detection of VP1 SP and 3ABC NSP antibodies in bovine antisera 57
Detection of FMDV infection in vaccinated animals 57
Discussion 58
Tables 52-59
Figs 54-58
Reference 60
Chapter 6. General discussion, Conclusion and Perspectives 62
References 67
Appendix 87

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