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研究生:徐至平
研究生(外文):Chih-Ping Hsu
論文名稱:布希政府處理邪惡軸心國家核武問題政策比較分析-從攻勢現實主義探討
論文名稱(外文):The Comparative Study on Bush Administration’s Policy toward the Axis of Evil’s Nuclear Problem-Viewed from Offensive Realism
指導教授:蔡明彥蔡明彥引用關係
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立中興大學
系所名稱:國際政治研究所
學門:社會及行為科學學門
學類:政治學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2007
畢業學年度:95
語文別:中文
論文頁數:146
中文關鍵詞:邪惡軸心攻勢現實主義霸權邏輯離岸平衡者權力競爭
外文關鍵詞:Axis of EvilOffensive RealismHegemonic LogicOffshore BalancerPower Struggle
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:3
  • 點閱點閱:446
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:0
2002年1月,美國總統布希發表《國情咨文》,點名「伊朗、伊拉克和北韓為威脅世界和平的邪惡軸心國家」,指稱這些國家「通過尋求大規模毀滅性武器,構成日益嚴重的危險」。但是,布希政府對這三個「邪惡軸心」國家的核武問題採取的處理模式卻不一致。對伊拉克,美國採外交途徑失利後決定對伊拉克發動軍事攻擊,解決了伊拉克的核武問題;對北韓,美國運用了「六方會談」的多邊架構希望北韓放棄發展核武的野心,同時也與日本及南韓保持軍事上的合作;對伊朗,美國希望歐盟及聯合國能採取更多強硬的行動遏止伊朗發展核武。由此可知,美國採取外交手段處理核武問題,然而一旦無法有效利用國際機制的方式達到目標,美國亦不排除動用武力。

為了研究布希政府處理邪惡軸心國家核武問題的政策,本文從攻勢現實主義理論出發,透過區域霸權,離岸平衡者,權力競爭等三個概念,來檢視美國的政策動機、立場與手段。緊接著,本文依據霸權邏輯的定義,從經濟、軍事、地緣政治三變數觀察美國的政策產出。最後,本文發現,攻勢現實主義對布希政府的政策思維提供了相當的解釋力,在政策的動機與立場皆相同的情況下,卻在手段上因面向與指標的不同而產生相異的結果,應證了霸權國家在國家權力競爭中的行為,同時,本文也發現,攻勢現實主義理論建構與本研究間的一些衝突與限制。
US President Bush’s 2002 State of the Union Address indicated that “Iran, Iraq and North Korea were ‘the Axis of Evil’ which threatens the world peace with seeking Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD).” However, Bush administration has adopted different policies towards the nuclear problems of these three “Evil Axis” countries. To Iraq, the troop of US was launched to Iraq after diplomatic means failed. To North Korea, U.S. wanted diplomatic solutions to North Korea’s nuclear crisis through Six-Party Talks. To Iran, U.S. urged EU and UN to pressure Iran into abandoning nuclear weapons; meanwhile, U.S. deployed deterrent forces in Middle East to show its determinations to prevent global nuclear proliferation once diplomatic approaches cannot work.

In order to study Bush Administration’s foreign policies on the Axis of Evil’s nuclear problems, this study takes offensive realism as research approach and uses three variables - “regional hegemony,” “offshore balancer,” and “power struggle” - to analyze US policy motives, positions, and means toward the “Axis of Evil” countries. This study concludes that offensive realism has provided good explanations for the reasons why Bush administration has adopted different policies towards these three “Evil Axis” countries despite the motive and position is similar in this circumstances. Therefore, this consequence has also proved that the certain behaviors of hegemony in power competitions between international politics, and also found that there are some conflicts and limits in taking offensive realism as research approach in the study.
目次
第一章 緒論....................................1
第一節 研究動機與目的..........................1
第二節 文獻探討................................5
第三節 研究途徑、架構與方法....................13
第四節 研究範圍與限制..........................25
第五節 章節安排................................27

第二章 攻勢現實主義的理論與應用................29
第一節 攻勢現實主義的理論、假設、原則..........29
第二節 攻勢現實主義與布希政府國家安全戰略的關連性..37

第三章 美國處理伊拉克核武問題之政策分析........47
第一節 伊拉克核武問題源起......................47
第二節 美國的政策作為..........................50
第三節 攻勢現實主義的檢證......................60
第四節 小結....................................64

第四章 美國處理北韓核武問題之政策分析..........65
第一節 北韓核武問題源起........................65
第二節 美國的政策作為..........................68
第三節 攻勢現實主義的檢證......................79
第四節 小結....................................83

第五章 美國處理伊朗核武問題之政策分析..........85
第一節 伊朗核武問題源起........................85
第二節 美國的政策作為..........................93
第三節 攻勢現實主義的檢證......................103
第四節 小結....................................107

第六章 結論....................................109
第一節 研究發現................................109
第二節 研究建議................................120

參考書目.......................................123
壹、中文部份...................................123
貳、外文部份...................................130

表目次
表3-1 美軍投入兵力..............................53
表4-1 六方會談進程..............................74
表5-1 2004年波斯灣地區原油蘊藏與生產狀況........104
表6-1 美國對邪惡軸心國家的政策動機、立場、手段..113
表6-2 美國對邪惡軸心國家政策手段之比較..........114

圖目次
圖1-1 研究架構圖.................................23
壹、中文部分
一、書籍
王傳劍。2003年10月。《雙重規制——冷戰後美國的朝鮮半島政策》。北京:世界知識出版社。
瓦茨(Kenneth N. Waltz)著。胡祖慶譯。1997年。《國際政治體系理論解析》(Theory of International Politics)。臺北市:麥格羅•希爾。
米爾斯海默(John J. Mearsheimer)。王義桅、唐小松譯。2003年。《大國政治的悲劇》(The Tragedy of Great Power)。上海市:上海人民出版社。
朱松柏主編。2003年。《新世紀亞太情勢與區域安全專書》臺北:國立政治大學國際關係研究中心。
任曉、沈丁立。2003年9月。《保守主義理念與美國的外交政策》。上海市:上海三聯書店
艾許頓•卡特(Ashton B. Carter)、威廉•裴利(William J. Perry)著。許綬男譯。2000年。《預防性防禦:後冷戰時期美國的新安全戰略》(Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America)。臺北市:麥田出版。
杭士基(Noam Chomsky)。林祐聖譯。2002年。《流氓國家》。臺北:正中書局。
約瑟夫•奈伊(Joseph S. Nye Jr.)。蔡東傑譯。2002年。《美國霸權的矛盾與未來》(The Paradox of American Power:Why the world’s only superpower can’t go it alone)。臺北縣:左岸文化。
倪世雄等箸。2001年。《當代西方國際關係理論》。上海市:復旦大學出版社。
布�堥秩粥礡]Zbigniew Brzezinski)著。林添貴譯。1998年。《大棋盤》(The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives)。臺北:立緒文化
紐門(William Lawrence Neuman)著。王佳煌、潘中道等合譯。2002年。《當代社會研究法:質化與量化途徑》(Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches)。臺北:學富文化。
陳峰君、王傳劍。2002年6月。《亞太大國與朝鮮半島》。北京:北京大學出版社。
楊潔勉。2003年。《國際合作反恐—超越地緣政治的思考》。北京:時事出版社。
詹姆斯•多爾蒂、小羅伯特•普法爾茨格拉夫(James Dougherty、Robert L.Pfaltzgraff)。閰學通、陳寒溪等譯。2003年。《爭論中的國際關係理論》(Contending Theories of International Relations a Comprehensive Survey)。北京市:世界知識出版社
蘇進強。2002年。《911事件後全球戰略評估》。臺北:台灣英文新聞公司。
赫思悌(K. J. Holsti)著。李偉成、譚溯澄譯。1988年。《國際政治分析架構》(International Politics: A Framework for Analysis)。臺北:幼獅。
卡�崳Z德(Zalmay Khalizad)等合著。國防部史政編譯局譯。2001年12月。《美國與亞洲》(The United States and Asia: Toward a New U.S. Strategy and Force Posture)。臺北:國防部史政編譯局。
______ 郭希誠譯。2004年10月。《美國的抉擇》(The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership)。臺北:左岸文化。

二、期刊論文
王傳興。2004年。〈從米爾斯海默看進攻性現實主義與單邊主義的關係〉。《世界經濟與政治》,第一期,頁52-56。
王冀平、洪郵生、吉利強。2004年3月。〈伊朗核問題與大國關係〉。《美國研究》,1期,頁78-90。
平可夫。2005年。〈美穩住朝鮮對付伊朗〉。《亞洲週刊》,19卷11期,頁16-17。
水野聖紹。2003年9月。〈美伊戰爭後之北韓核武問題:外交斡旋或武力解決?〉。《展望與探索》,1卷9期,頁86-105。

王高成。2002年7月。〈從小布希東亞之行看美國亞太戰略〉。《遠景基金會季刊》,3卷3期,頁75-102。
全克林。2003年。〈駐韓美軍調整及其影響〉。《現代國際關係》,2003年第7期,頁7-12。
朱松柏。1995年1月。〈美國與北韓簽訂核子協議及其影響〉。《問題與研究》,34卷1期,頁11-18。
______ 2000年2月。〈北韓的飛彈外交與亞太安全〉。《問題與研究》,39卷2期,頁1-12。
______ 2001年1、2月。〈兩韓和解與東北亞新秩序〉。《問題與研究》,40卷1期,頁1-14。
朱鋒。2005年8月。〈六方會談:「朝核問題」還是「朝鮮問題」?〉。《國際政治研究》,2005年第3期,頁28-38。
______ 2004年。〈第三輪朝核六方會談與美國的策略變化〉。《現代國際關係》,2004年第7期,頁1-7。
______。2003年。〈「六方會談」後的朝核危機:問題與前景〉。《現代國際關係》,2003年第9期,頁9-15、21。
沈世順。2003年。〈美歐矛盾的新發展及其影響〉。《國際問題研究》,3期,頁26-30。
吳東野。2004年。〈美伊戰爭與波灣新秩序〉。《遠景基金會季刊》,5卷1期,頁1-42。
李明。2003年。〈北韓核武首次六方會談結果初探〉。《歐亞研究通訊》,6卷9期。
李華。2004年。〈繼承還是超越?—論冷戰後駐韓美軍調整〉。《美國研究》。2004年第1期,頁89-104。
林正義。2002年。〈九一一事件對國際關係的影響〉,《國際事務季刊》,2期,頁2-25。
邱明富。2003年。〈美伊戰爭戰前戰略態勢分析與全般作戰指導〉。《國防雜誌》,第18卷10期,頁4-5。
泉男海。2006年。〈伊朗軍演用飛彈警告美國、以色列〉。《全球防衛雜誌:軍事家》,44卷4期,頁20-22。
______。2006年。〈伊朗核問題與無戰略時代的美國戰略〉。《國際展望》,2006卷3期,頁2-2。
施澤淵。2003年。〈從美伊第二次波灣戰爭論國家安全與建軍備戰〉。《中華戰略學刊》,頁31-35。
孫承。2003年。〈第二次朝鮮核危機〉。《國際問題研究》,2003年第3期,頁15-19。莫大華。2004年7月。〈論析美國「防止擴散安全提議」的發展與展望〉。《遠景基金會季刊》,5卷3期,頁27-98。
梅兆榮。2004年。〈歐美關係:實質與前景〉。《現代國際關係》,2期,頁1-6。
陳文生。2005年。〈布希政府反恐安全戰略及其挑戰:伊拉克經驗的檢討〉。《政治科學論叢》,第25期,頁1-28。
______2005年。〈九一一後美國之霸權治理策略:以伊拉克為例〉。《政治科學論叢》,第23期,頁169-200。
______2004年。〈美國推動聯合國安理會1441號決議案分析〉。《問題與研究》,43卷3期,頁23-47。
陳佩修。2004年。〈911事件後美國國土安全任務與反恐聯盟建構〉。《全球政治評論》,5期,頁93-115。
______ 2005年10月。〈美國全球軍力部署調整計畫與亞太地區安全的發展〉。《遠景基金會季刊》,6卷4期,頁31-99。
張業亮。2004年。〈布希政府對朝政策與朝核危機〉。《美國研究》,2004年1期,頁33-54。
張廖年仲。2004年3月。〈中共與第二次北韓核武危機〉。《展望與探索》,2卷3期,頁36-50。
葉江。2003年。〈安全困境析論-兼談先發制人戰略與進攻性現實主義的關係〉。《美國研究》,十七卷四期,頁7-21。
國際展望編輯部。2006年。〈以色列空襲伊朗?美國防務專家評估以色列打擊伊朗核設施〉。《國際展望》,2006卷19期,頁28-35。
______。2006年。〈重啟核提煉設施之後強硬派總統下令軍演 美國啟動大規模動武計畫 伊朗上空的戰雲 〉。《國際展望》,2006卷10期,頁26-33。
楊紅梅。2005年。〈美韓同盟調整的動力、現狀與前景〉。《現代國際關係》,第8期,頁20-25,45。
楊鈞池。2004年6月。〈六邊會談及其對東北亞區域秩序之影響與分析〉。《復興崗學報》,80期,頁223-248。
劉廣華。2003年。<美國如何在軍事上贏得二次波灣戰爭>。《國防政策評論》,第三卷第三期,頁36-39。
劉棟。2005年。〈美國2005年《國防戰略》報告簡析〉。《現代國際關係》,第4期,頁36-37。
劉華秋、王達成。2005年。〈2005年《美國國防戰略》報告評述〉。《外交學院學報》,第81期,頁26-32。
詹姆斯•基特菲爾德。汪明敏、胡薈譯。2006年。〈波斯灣雄獅 美國軍事專家眼中的伊朗軍力〉。《國際展望》,2006卷10期,頁34-40。
趙楚。2006年。〈戰略速勝論:美國對伊朗問題軍事選擇的一種前瞻〉。《國際展望》,2006卷11期,頁2-2。
廖小娟。民國94年5月。〈中共與北韓的雙邊關係—以兩次核武危機的處理檢視〉。《展望與探索》,第3卷第5期,頁34-47。
劉卿。2005年。〈美國全球軍事戰略調整對亞太安全的影響〉。《國際問題研究》,第4期,頁30-33,5。
蔡政修。2004年11、12月。〈九一一事件後的美國國家安全戰略:以波灣戰爭與北韓核子危機為例〉。《問題與研究》,43卷6期,頁129-165。
鄭端耀。2003年。〈國際關係攻勢與守勢現實主義理論爭辯之評析〉。《問題與研究》,42卷2期,頁1-18。
______2003年。〈布希政府安全戰略發展評析〉。《遠景基金會季刊》,4卷2期,頁1-38。
魏宗雷。2004年。〈美國“新戰爭”理論下的駐軍調整〉。《現代國際關係》,第9期,頁35-36。
蘇武。2003年。〈從伊拉克看陷入危機的伊朗〉。《全球防衛雜誌:軍事家》,38卷3期,頁12-15。
蘇開華。2005年。〈布希主義持續化及其影響〉。《國際問題研究》,第2期,頁47-51,68。

三、未出版論文
李明。2003年。〈北韓核武計劃對朝鮮半島安全情勢之影響〉。發表於北韓核武問題與東亞區域安全座談會,台中:中興大學全球和平與戰略研究中心主辦。
袁鶴齡。2003年。〈從三角戰略看北韓核武問題對美、中、臺三邊關係的影響〉。發表於北韓核武問題與東亞區域安全座談會,台中:中興大學全球和平與戰略研究中心主辦。
蔡明彥。2003年。〈美國對朝鮮半島軍事戰略之分析〉。發表於北韓核武問題與東亞區域安全座談會,台中:中興大學全球和平與戰略研究中心主辦。
賴岳謙。2003年。〈美伊戰爭與美國不對稱作戰〉。發表於美伊戰爭與國際局勢座談會,台中:中興大學全球和平與戰略研究中心主辦。

四、報紙報導與專文
徐琳,〈「北京協議」出爐:朝核危機現轉機?〉,《華盛頓觀察》,2005年第35期,2005年9月28日。

五、網路資料來源
自由電子報。http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/
BBC中文網。http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/default.stm/
人民網。http://japan.people.com.cn/
大紀元。http://www.epochtimes.com/
南方網。http://www.southcn.com/
北方網。http://news.enorth.com.cn/
和平論壇。http://www.peaceforum.org.tw/
中興大學全球和平與戰略研究中心。http://cgpss.nchu.edu.tw/

貳、外文部分
一、書籍
Abramowitz, Morton I., James T. Laney, and Eric Heginbotham. Meeting the North Korean Nuclear Challenge. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, May 19, 2003.
Albright, David and Kevin O''Neill. eds. Solving the North Korean Nuclear Puzzle. Washington, D.C.: ISIS Press, November 2000.
Becker, Jasper. Rogue Regime: Kim Jong II and the Looming Threat of North Korea. Oxford: Oxford University Press, May 2005.
Bishop, David J. Dismantling North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Programs. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, April 2005.
Cha, Victor D. and David C. Kang. Nuclear North Korea: A Debate on Engagement Strategies. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
Crawford, Natalie, and Chung-in Moon. Emerging Threats, Force Structures, and the Role of Air Power in Korea. Santa Monica: RAND, 2000. .
Eberstadt, Nicholas, Choon-Yong Ahn, and Young-sun Lee. A New International Engagement Framework for North Korea? Washington, D.C.: Korea Economic Institute of America, December 2004.
Feffer, John. North Korea/South Korea: US Policy at a Time of Crisis. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003.
Hathaway, Robert M. and Wilson Lee eds. George W. Bush and East Asia: A First Term Assessment. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2005.
Keohane, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Keohane, Robert and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Power and Interdependence. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1989.
Khalilzad, Zalmay, David Orletsky, Jonathan Pollack, Kevin Pollpeter, Angel Rabasa, David Shlapak, Abram Shulsky, and Ashley Tellis. The United States and Asia: Toward a New U.S. Strategy and Force Posture. Santa Monica: RAND, 2001.
Kim, Samuel S. and Tai Hwan Lee. North Korea and Northeast Asia. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002.
Lennon, Alexander T. J. and Camille Eiss. eds. Reshaping Rogue States: Preemption, Regime Change, and U.S. Policy toward Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, August 2004.
Levin, Norman D. Do the Ties Still Bind? The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship after 9/11. Santa Monica: RAND, 2004.
Lindstrom, Gusgav. Shift Or Rift: US-EU Relations after Iraq . Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 2003.
Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince and the Discourses. New York: The Modern Library, 1950.
Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.
McCormack, Gavan. Target North Korea: Pushing North Korea to the Brink of Nuclear Catastrophe. New York: Nations Books, 2004.
McGoldrick, Dominic. From ‘9-11’ to the ‘Iraq War 2003.’Oregon: Oxford and Portland, 2004.
O’Hanlon, Michael, and Mike Mochizuki. Crisis on the Korean Peninsula: How to Deal with a Nuclear North Korea. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
________. Defense Strategy for the Post-Saddam Era. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2005.
Perkovich, George, Jessica Tuchman Mathews, Joseph Cirincione, Rose Gottemoeller, and Jon Wolfsthal. Universal Compliance: A Strategy for Nuclear Security. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 2005.
Reese, David. North Korea: anatomy of a rogue states.In Regional Security in the Asia Pacific 9/11 and After. ed. Marika Vicziany, David Wright-Neville and Pete Lentini. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2004.
Samore, Gray. North Korea’s Weapons Programmes: A Net Assessment. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Robert M. Gates, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Suzanne Maloney. Iran:Time for a New Approach.Council on Foreign Relations Press,2004.
Shahram Chubin. Iran’s Nuclear Ambitions.Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.2006
Schoff, James L., Charles M. Perry, and Jacquelyn K. Davis. Building Six-Party Capacity for a WMD-Free Korea. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey''s, 2004.
Tellis, Ashley J. and Michael Wills. Strategic Asia 2004–05: Confronting Terrorism in the Pursuit of Power. Seattle, Washington: The National Bureau of Asian Research, September 2004.
Utgoff, Victor A. ed. The Coming Crisis: Nuclear Proliferation, U.S. Interests, and World Order. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2000.
Vicziany, Marika, David Wright-Nevill, and Pete Lentini, ed. Regional Security in the Asia Pacific: 9/11 and After. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc., 2004.
Wishnick, Elizabeth. Strategic Consequences of the Iraq War: U.S. Security Interests in Central Asia Reassessed. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: U.S. Army War College, 2004.
Wolf, Charles Jr., and Kamil Akramov. North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and Consequences of Korean Unification. Santa Monica: RAND, 2005.
Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of international Politics Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979.

二、期刊論文
Ahn, Yinhay. “North Korea in 2002: A Survival Game.” Asian Survey 43, no.1 (January/February 2003): 49-63.
Armstrong, Charles K. “U.S.-North Korean Relations.” Asian Perspective 28, no.4 (2004): 13-37.
Ayson, Robert and Brendan Taylor. “Attacking North Korea: Why War Might Be Preferred.” Comparative Strategy 23, no.3 (2004): 263-279.
Bechtol, Bruce E. Jr. “North Korean Nuclear and Missile Issues and the ROK-U.S. Collaboration: An American Perspective.” Korea Observer 35, no.1 (Spring 2004): 41-62.
Bennett, Drew A. “Military Presence in Asia Is Key.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 128, no.187 (January 2002): 57-60.
Blair, Dennis C. and John T. Hanley Jr. “From Wheels to Webs: Reconstructing Asia-Pacific Security Arrangements.” The Washington Quarterly 24, no.1 (Winter 2001): 7-17.
Bennis, Phyllip. “Understanding the U.S.-Iraq Crisis: A Primer.”A Publication of Institute for Policy Studies (2003): 1-27.
Bleiker, Roland. “A Rogue Is a Rogue Is a Rogue: US Foreign Policy and the Korean Nuclear Crisis.” International Affairs 79, no.4 (2003): 719-737.
Bender ,Peter..“America: The New Roman Empire?”Orbis47,no.1(2003):145-59.
Bunn, M. Elaine.“Preemptive Action: When, How,and to What Effect?” Strategic Forum, no.200 (July 2003): 1-8.
Bush Administration.” Korea and World Affairs 29, no.3 (Fall 2005): 359-371.
Campbell, Kurt M. and Mitchell B. Reiss. “Korean Changes, Asian Challenges and the US Role.” Survival 43, no.1 (Spring 2001): 53-69.
Choo, Jaewoo. “Is Institutionalization of the Six-Party Talks Possible?” East Asia: An International Quarterly 22, no.4 (Winter 2005): 39-58.
Cha, Victor D. “Korea’s Place in the Axis.” Foreign Affairs 81, no.3 (May/June 2002): 79-92.
________ “Hawk Engagement and Preventive Defense on the Korean Peninsula.” International Security 27, no.1 (Summer 2002): 40-78.
Cha, Victor D. and David C. Kang. “The Korea Crisis.” Foreign Policy 136 (May/ June 2003): 20-28.
________ “The Debate over North Korea.” Political Science Quarterly 119, no.2 (Summer 2004): 229-254.
Calder, Kent E. “The New Face of Northeast Asia.” Foreign Affairs 80, no.1 (January/February 2001): 106-122.
Cheon, Seongwhun. “North Korea Nuclear Crisis: Current Status and Past Lessons.” Korea and World Affairs 29, no.3 (Fall 2005): 341-358.
Cho, Seong-Ryul. “Alleviating Military Tensions on the Korean Peninsula: Status Quo and Prospects.” East Asian Review 17, no.3 (Fall 2005): 52-81.
Cox, Michael. “American Power Before and After 11 September: Dizzy with Success?” International Affairs 78, no.2 (2002): 261-276.
Choi, Kang. “Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Proliferation Policies of the 2nd Choi, Yonghwan. “North Korea’s Asymmetric Strategy toward the United States.” Korea Focus 12, no.5 (September-October 2004): 59-83.
Cossa, Ralph A. “Regional Overview: Diplomacy Fails with Iraq, Is North Korea Next?” Comparative Connections 5, no.1 (April 2003): 1-15.
________ “Countering the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction: the Role of the Proliferation Security Initiative.” Issues & Insights 4, no.5 (July 2004): 1-6.
Cotton, James. “The Second North Korean Nuclear Crisis.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 57, no.2 (July 2003): 261-279.
________ “The Proliferation Security Initiative and North Korea: Legality and Limitations of a Coalition Strategy.” Security Dialogue 36, no.2 (2005): 193-211.
Eberstadt, Nicholas. “The North Korean Nuclear Drama: Another ‘Twenty Years'' Crisis’?” East Asia: An International Quarterly 21, no.2 (Summer 2004): 49-59.
Daalder, Ivo H. “Are the United States and Europe Heading for Divorce?” International Affairs 77, no.3 (2001): 553-567.
David Stout,“Bush shows Impatience with Iraq but Optimism on North Korea,”New York Times ,(January 2003)
Fukuyama, Francis. America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy. United States of America: Yale University Press, 2006.
Freedman, Lawrence. “Prevention, Not Preemption.” The Washington Quarterly 26, no.2 (Spring 2003): 105-114.
Grunau, Steve. “Negotiating Survival: The Problem of Commitment in U.S.-North Korean Relations.” Journal of Public and International Affairs 15 (Spring 2004): 99-120.
Grier, Peter. “Lighter Footprint, Longer Reach” Air Force Magazine 86, no.10 (October 2003): 48-53.
G. John Ikenberry.“America’s Imperial Ambition.”Foreign Affairs 81,no. 5(2002):44-61.
Gross, Donald G. “U.S.-Korea Relations: Tensions Escalate as the U.S. Targets Iraq.” Comparative Connections 5, no.1 (April 2003): 38-47.
Graham-Brown, Sarah and Chris Toensing. “Why Another War: A Backgrounder on the Iraq Crisis,” Middle East Research & Information Project(2002): 1-16.
Hassig, Ralph C., and Kongdan Oh. “The Great Switchover Debate.” The Journal of East Asian Affairs 17, no.2 (Fall/Winter 2003): 241-257.
Hagood, Jonathan. “Dissuading Nuclear Adversaries: The Strategic Concept of Dissuasion and the U.S. Nuclear Arsenal.” Comparative Strategy 24, no.2 (Apr-Jun 2005): 173-184.
Holmes, James R. “Lessons of the Korean War for the ‘Six-Party Talks.’” World Affairs 169, no.1 (Summer2006): 3-24.
Hong, Soon-Jick. “North Korean Nuclear Crisis: Prospects and Policy Directions.” East Asian Review 15, no.3 (Autumn 2003): 23-38.
Hwang, Jihwan. “Realism and U.S. Foreign Policy toward North Korea: The Clinton and Bush Administrations in Comparative Perspective.” World Affairs 167, no.1 (Summer 2004): 15-29.
Inozemstsey, Vladislav and Ekaterina Kunetsova. “Europe Values and American Interests.” International Affairs(Moscow) no. 49 (2003): 59-69.
John H.Herz.“Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma”,World Politics 2,no.2(January 1950):20-88.
Kevin, Pollpeter. U.S.–China security management : assessing the military-to-military relationship. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2004.
________ “U.S.-Korea Relations: The Nuclear Issue Sputter Along.” Comparative Connections 5, no.2 (July 2003): 43-52.
________ “U.S.-Korea Relations: Now You See ‘Em, Now You Don’t: Elusive
Monten, Jonathan.“The Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, National, and Koh, Byung Chul. “Six-Party Talks: The Last Chance for Peace?” East Asian Review 15, no.4 (Winter 2003): 3-22.
Krawitz, Howard M. “Resolving Korea’s Nuclear Crisis: Tough Choices for China.” Strategic Forum, no.201 (National Defense University: Institute for National Strategic Studies, August 2003): 1-6.
Kim, Do-tae. “U.S.-North Korea Nuclear Talks: Pyongyang’s Changing Attitude and the U.S. Choice.” East Asian Review 16, no.1 (Spring 2004): 3-20.
Kim, Keun-sik. “The North Korean Nuclear Crisis and Inter-Korean Relations.” East Asian Review 16, no.1 (Spring 2004): 21-36.
Laney, James T. and Jason T. Shaplen. “How to Deal with North Korea.” Foreign Affairs 82, no.2 (Mar/Apr2003): 16-30.
Levin, Norman D. Do the Ties Still Bind: The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship After 911. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2004.
Nye, Joseph S. “U.S. Power and Strategy after Iraq,” Foreign Affairs 82, no.4 (July/August 2003): 60-73.
________ “The US and Europe: Continental Drift?” International Affairs 76, no.1 (2000): 51-59.
O’Hanlon, Michael and Mike Mochizuki. “Toward a Grand Bargain with North Korea.” The Washington Quarterly 26, no.4 (Autumn 2003): 7-18.
________,“Economic Reform and Military Downsizing: A Key to Solving the North Korean Nuclear Crisis ?”Brookings Review 21, no.4,(Fall 2003):12-17.
________ “A ‘Master Plan’ to Deal with North Korea.” Brookings Policy Brief no.114 (January 2003): 1-8.
Oh, Kongdan and Ralph C. Hassig. “The North Korean Military as a Security Threat.” East Asia: An International Quarterly 20, no.2 (Summer 2003): 5-20.
Park, John S. “Inside Multilateralism: The Six-Party Talks.” The Washington Quarterly 28, no.4 (Autumn 2005): 75-91.
Philip, Gordon. “NATO after 11 September.” Survival 43, no.4 (2002): 89-106.
Pollack, Kenneth M. “Next Stop Baghdad?” Foreign Affairs 81, no.2 (March/April 2002): 32-47.
Posen, Barry R. “Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of US Hegemony.” International Security 28, no.1 (Summer 2003): 5-46.
Pritchard, Charles L. (Jack). “The Korean Nuclear Crisis and Beyond.” in Richard C. Bush, Sharon Yanagi and Kevin Scott eds. Brookings Northeast Asia Survey 2003–2004 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2004): 1-14.
________ “The Korean Peninsula and the Role of Multilateral Talks.” Disarmament Forum 2005 no.2 (2005): 25-34.
Quinones, C. Kenneth. ‘‘Dualism in the Bush Administration’s North Korea Policy.’’ Asian Perspective 27, no.1 (2003): 197-224.
Rice, Condoleezza. “Promoting the National Interest.” Foreign Affairs 79, no.1 (January/February 2000): 45-62.
Rumsfeld, Donald H. “Transforming the Military.” Foreign Affairs 81, no.3 (May/June 2002): 20-32.
Samore, Gary. ‘‘The Korean Nuclear Crisis.’’ Survival 45, no.1 (Spring 2003): 7-24.
Smith, Keith C. “Russian Energy Policy and its Challenge to Western Policy Maker.” Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) (2006):1-36.
Six-Party Talks.” Comparative Connections 5, no.4 (January 2004): 49-58.
________ “U.S.-Korea Relations: In the Eye of the Beholder: Impasse or Progress in the Six-Party Talks?” Comparative Connections 6, no.1 (April 2004): 41-50.
________ “U.S.-Korea Relations: A Holding Pattern for the Six-Party Talks.” Comparative Connections 6, no.3 (October 2004): 47-55.
________ “U.S.-Korea Relations: A Breakthrough at the Six-Party Talks.” Comparative Connections 7, no.3 (October 2005): 41-52.
________ “U.S.-Korea Relations: The Six-Party Talks: What Goes up Can Also Come down.” Comparative Connections 7, no.4 (January 2006): 41-48.
________ “U.S.-Korea Relations: To Test or Not to Test: Missile Politics.” Comparative Connections 8, no.2 (July 2006): 47-53.
Scobell, Andrew and Michael R. Chambers. “The Fallout of a Nuclear North Korea.” Current History 104, no.683 (September 2005): 289-294.
Snyder, Scott, Ralph A. Cossa, and Brad Glosserman. “The Six-Party Talks: Developing a Roadmap for Future Progress.” Issues & Insights 5, no.8 (August 2005): 1-28.
Stevens, Terry C., David J. Smith, Chuck Downs, and Robert Dujarric. “Deterring North Korea: U.S. Options.” Comparative Strategy 22, no.5 (December 2003): 489-514.
Swanström, Niklas. “The Korean Peninsula in the U.S.’s Post-9/11 Military-Security Paradigm.” Korea and World Affairs 29, no.2 (Summer 2005): 189-216.
Shahram Chubin and Robert S. Litwak.“Debating Iran’s Nuclear Aspirations.”The Washington Quarterly,(2003):102
The Task Force on U.S. Korea Policy. “The Nuclear Crisis on the Korean Peninsula: Avoiding the Road to Perdition.” Current History 102, no.663 (April 2003): 152-169.
Winner, Andrew C. “The Proliferation Security Initiative: The New Face of Interdiction.” The Washington Quarterly 28, no.2 (Spring 2005): 129-143.
Xu, Jian. “Promoting Peace and Stability in Northeast Asia: Challenges and Opportunities.” Korea and World Affairs 29, no.1 (Spring 2005): 67-82.

三、報紙報導與專文
Arkin, William. “Not Just a Last Resort? A Global Strike Plan, With a Nuclear Option.” The Washington Post, May 15, 2005. B1.
“China Urges Renewed North Korea Nuclear Talks.” Reuters (Beijing), June 5, 2006.
Cornwell, Rupert. “North Korea Offers to Halt Missile Launch.” The Independent (London), June 22, 2006.
Cossa, Ralph A. “Six-Party Talks: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom.” PacNet 2004, no.39A (September 10, 2004): 1.
________ “Six-Party Statement of Principles: One Small Step for Man.” PacNet 2005, no.41 (September 19, 2005): 1.
Kelly, James A. “U.S. East Asia Policy.” PacNet 2005, no.9 (March 7, 2005): 1-3.
Kissinger, Henry A. “A Nuclear Test for Diplomacy.” The Washington Post, May 16, 2006, A17.
LaFranchi, Howard. “A New Rival to ‘Regime Change’: A US Plan to Stop Nuclear Programs - Without Toppling Leaders - Is under Debate.” The Christian Science Monitor, May 23, 2006.
Onishi, Norimitsu. “U.S. Rejects an Invitation for Talks in North Korea.” The New York Times, June 2, 2006.
Sanger, David E. “U.S. Is Shaping Plan to Pressure North Koreans.” The New York Times, February 14, 2005, A1.
________ “U.S. Said to Weigh a New Approach on North Korea.” The New York Times, May 18, 2006.
Snyder, Scott, Ralph A. Cossa, and Brad Glosserman. “Six-Party Talks: Defining a Realistic Roadmap for Success.” PacNet 2005, no.48 (November 7, 2005): 1-2.
________ “Whither the Six-Party Talks?” PacNet 2006, no.22 (May 18, 2006): 1-2.
Sokolski, Henry D. “The North Korean Nuclear Deal.” The Wall Street Journal, September 22, 2005.
“US Rules out Direct Talks with North Korea.” Reuters (Vienna), June 21, 2006.

四、官方文書
A Report on Latest Round of Six-Way Talks Regarding Nuclear Weapons in North Korea. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 108th Congress, 2nd Session, July 15, 2004.
.North Korea: An Update on Six-Party Talks and Matters Related to the Resolution of the North Korean Nuclear Crisis. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session, June 14, 2005.
The North Korean Nuclear Calculus: Beyond the Six Power Talks. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 108th Congress, 2nd Session, March 2, 2004.
The Six-Party Talks and the North Korean Nuclear Issue: Old Wine in New Bottles? Hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representative, 109th Congress, 1st Session, October 6, 2005.
U.S. Department of Defense. Quadrennial Defense Review Report 2001. September 30, 2001.
________ Quadrennial Defense Review Report 2005. February 6, 2006.
U.S. Foreign Policy in East Asia and the Pacific: Challenges and Priorities for the Bush Administration. Hearing before the Subcommittee on East Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representative, 107th Congress, 1st Session, June 12, 2001.
U.S. National Security Council. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2002. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 2002.
________ The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 2006.
U.S. Policy in East Asia and the Pacific. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representative, 108th Congress, 2nd Session, June 2, 2004.
U.S. Security Policy in Asia and the Pacific: Restructuring America''s Forward Deployment. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representative, 108th Congress, 1st Session, June 26, 2003.
U.S. White House. National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. December 2002.

五、網路資料來源
American Foreign Policy Council. http://www.afpc.org/
Arms Control Association. http://www.armscontrol.org/
Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. http://www.apcss.org/
Asia-Pacific Research Center, Stanford Institute for International Studies. http://aparc.stanford.edu/
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/
Federation of American Scientists. http://www.fas.org/main/home.jsp
Foreign Policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/
Foreign Policy Research Institute. http://www.fpri.org/
Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/index.html
Institute for Defense Analysis. http://www.ida.org/
Institute for Defense & Disarmament Studies. http://www.idds.org/index.html
Institute for National Security Studies. http://atlas.usafa.af.mil/inss/
Institute for National Strategic Studies. http://www.ndu.edu/inss/
Institute for Science and International Security. http://www.isis-online.org/
International Atomic Energy Agency. http://www.iaea.org/index.html
International Crisis Group. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm
Rand Corporation. http://www.rand.org/index.html
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. http://www.sipri.org/
Strategic Studies Institute. http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/index.cfm
The American Prospect. http://www.prospect.org/
The Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/default.htm
The Henry L. Stimson Center. http://www.stimson.org/home.cfm
The Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/
The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis. http://www.ifpa.org/home.htm
The International Institute for Strategic Studies. http://www.iiss.org/
The National Committee on American Foreign Policy. http://www.ncafp.org/
The National Interest. http://www.nationalinterest.org/ME2/default.asp
The National Institute for Defense Studies. http://www.nids.go.jp/english/
The Nixon Center. http://www.nixoncenter.org/
U.S. National Security Council. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/
U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. http://foreign.senate.gov/
U.S. White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/
Union of Concerned Scientists. http://www.ucsusa.org/index.cfm
United States Institute of Peace. http://www.usip.org/index.html
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