臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文目的是運用流體力學理論以概念設計出國軍新一代防護面具及濾毒罐，重點在研改現役T3-75 防護面具及62A濾毒罐之高進氣壓降缺點，並依概念設計生產的原型品，進行防護性能試驗及對受測者在不同運動條件下實際配戴時的生理特徵影響之分析研究，建立一套完整的防護面具及濾毒罐研發設計及測試模式。
在概念設計部份，利用計算流體力學快速建構模型的便利及準確性，對防護面具及濾毒罐之氣動力特性進行研究，重點針對濾毒罐具多孔性介質特性的過濾層與吸附層進行模擬分析。在多孔介質材料不改變之條件下，運用空氣年齡、有效流經面積比及摩擦因子-雷諾數等指標，對濾毒罐內部通道設計進行探討，避免產生局部高速順流與死區。後續經流場可視化和壓載實驗驗證，蜂巢式通道主篩板具整流、增加通道面積及兼具結構強度的優點，可增加吸附層的有效流經面積，使均方速度降低且增加吸附時間，降低進氣壓降與增加吸附劑使用率，改進的原型品與原型罐相較，降低了46.48％進氣壓降和與減少了33％的吸附劑，達到濾毒罐輕量化及節省原料之目標。
概念設計符合濾毒標準之雙頰式面具濾毒罐，尺度最低限度為Model C的0.785倍之Model E構型，與Model C相較，可降低了37.02％進氣壓降。面具採三道進氣口設計Mask C，與Mask A相較，可降低67.4%進氣壓降。
防護性能試驗包括閥門氣體洩漏量測、氣膠微粒貫穿及氣體突破實驗，以驗證氣動力特性設計的原型品能否通過相關性能標準。建議T3-75面具之吐氣閥座仿照GSR面具設計，開孔面積可增加82%、閥片厚度減少71%，則低吐氣壓阻與洩漏率皆符合NIOSH標準，另口鼻罩進氣閥門建議移除。
進氣壓降影響防護面具配戴者的生理特徵，透過受測者配戴各款防護面具在不同運動條件下的呼吸生理資訊探討，以變異數分析各影響因子的顯著差異性，並完成建立防護面具及濾毒罐之進氣壓降與使用者生理特徵關聯的預測模式，以提供軍陣醫學資料庫參考運用。
本研究的學術貢獻為建立完整的防護面具及濾毒罐的概念設計及性能分析，結合氣動力概念設計、防護性能試驗與生理特徵評估等方面的分析結果，同時納入M50、GSR等先進防護面具探討，提供國軍新一代防護面具及濾毒罐設計的重要參考資訊。

This study applied fluid dynamics theory to the conceptual design of gas mask and canisters for preventing high inhalation pressure drops in T3-75 gas mask and 62A canister. A prototype derived from the conceptual design was employed to examine the performance of protective products. Under various exercise conditions, the physiological characteristics of participants wearing the protective products were analyzed to improve the design of the gas mask and canisters and to establish a testing model.
The conceptual design was developing using computational fluid dynamics to establish a simple and accurate model for investigating the gas dynamics of the gas mask and canisters. In particular, the filtration and adsorption layers (featuring porous media) of the canisters were simulated. Without replacement of the raw materials, the air age, effective flow-through area ratio, friction factor, and Reynolds number were employed to evaluate the design of the channels inside the canister to prevent the formation of local high-velocity preferential flow-paths and dead zones. Subsequently, streakline flow visualization and compression tests were performed to evaluate something. According to the test results, using a honeycomb passageway design in the main sieve diaphragm enabled rectification, improved the passageway area and structural strength, widened the effective flow area of the adsorption layer, reduced the mean square velocity, increased the adsorption time, reduced the inhalation pressure drops, and enhanced the absorbency, the inhalation resistance and absorbency of the improved prototype reduced by 46.48% and 33%, respectively, compared with the original canister, thereby enabling the production of lightweight canister while conserving raw materials.
Conceptual design of gas mask mounted with dual canisters under the protection standard, Model E is 0.785 times as Model C. The inhalation pressure drops the improved prototype reduced by 37.02% compared with Model C.
The inhalation pressure drops of triple inlets design of Mask C reduced by 67.4% compared with Mask A.
Protective performance tests for valve gas leakage, aerosol penetration, and gas breakthrough were performed to confirm whether the prototype’s aerodynamic characteristics fulfilled relevant performance criteria.
If the exhalation seat of T3-75 gas mask design is replaced of by the one of GSR gas mask, with its opening area of exhalation seat increasing 82% and thickness of exhalation valve decreasing 71%, the exhalation pressure drops and leakage rates are conformed with NIOSH standards. It is suggested that inhalation valve of nose cup be removed.
The inhalation pressure drops can affect the physiological characteristics of people wearing gas masks, the respiratory performance of people wearing various types of gas mask were examined under varying exercise conditions, and an analysis of variance was employed to analyze the influential factors and construct a model for predicting the relationship between the physiological characteristics of users and inhalation pressure drops in the gas masks and canisters. The results of this study may be incorporated in military medical database for future reference.
This study contributed to the field of academic research by establishing the conceptual design of gas masks and canisters and conducting a performance analysis on them to evaluate their aerodynamic design, protective performance, and their effect on the physiological characteristics of wearers. In addition, the performance of M50 and GSR protective masks was also explored to facilitate developing new-generation military gas masks and canisters and to obtain crucial information for designing gas masks.

誌謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract v
目錄 vii
表目錄 xi
圖目錄 xii
符號說明 xv
1. 緒論 1
1.1 防護面具介紹 2
1.1.1 防護面具重要性 2
1.1.2 防護面具類別與構造 2
1.1.3 防護面具性能 3
1.2 研究背景 5
1.3 研究目的與重點 8
2. 文獻回顧 11
2.1 防護規範 11
2.2 多孔介質理論 12
2.3 空氣年齡理論 16
2.4 防護面具對於呼吸壓阻的研究 17
2.5 防護面具對於生理特徵的研究 20
2.6 吐氣閥門對於洩漏率的研究 23
3. 問題描述 25
3.1 濾毒罐設計 25
3.2 面具設計 27
3.2.1 面罩設計 27
3.2.2 閥門設計 27
3.3 生理特徵預測模式建立 28
4. 研究方法 30
4.1 模型介紹 30
4.1.1 濾毒罐 30
4.1.2 閥門 32
4.1.3 面具 35
4.2 壓降量測實驗 37
4.3 防護性能與壓載量測實驗 38
4.3.1 洩漏率量測實驗 38
4.3.2 氣膠微粒貫穿實驗 39
4.3.3 氣體突破實驗 40
4.3.4 主篩板壓載實驗 40
4.4 數值模擬 41
4.4.1 統御方程式 41
4.4.2 網格系統 42
4.4.3 數值方法 45
4.5 生理特徵實驗 47
4.5.1 研究對象 47
4.5.2 實驗儀器 49
4.5.3 實驗設計 51
4.5.4 實驗流程-防護面具進氣壓降測試與登階測試 52
4.5.5 實驗流程 53
4.5.6 統計方法 54
5. 結果與討論 59
5.1 濾毒罐主篩板改良成果 59
5.2 濾毒罐構型概念性設計與氣動力分析 65
5.2.1 數值模擬-多孔介質特性分析 65
5.2.2 數值模擬-壓降分析 66
5.2.3 數值模擬-空氣年齡分析 69
5.2.4 數值模擬-濾毒吸附時間標準分析 70
5.2.5 實驗-各國濾毒罐壓降分析 71
5.3 呼吸閥門構型概念性設計與氣動力分析 72
5.3.1 實驗與數值模擬-單一呼吸閥門壓降分析 72
5.3.2 實驗-國內外3款面具之吐氣閥壓降分析 73
5.4 面具構型概念性設計與氣動力分析 76
5.4.1 數值模擬-多孔介質特性分析 76
5.4.2 數值模擬-進氣壓降分析 78
5.4.3 數值模擬-速度分佈與速度向量分析 80
5.4.4 數值模擬-空氣年齡分析 80
5.5 生理特徵分析 83
5.5.1 統計分析與運動功率等級 83
5.5.2 分通氣量與吸氣壓降 84
5.5.3 最大心跳率比與吸氣壓降 87
5.5.4 最大攝氧量比與吸氣壓降 91
5.5.5 最大攝氧量比及最大心跳率比與運動功率 94
5.5.6 GSR與M50之性能評估與生理特徵預測與驗證 96
6. 總結 98
6.1 結論 98
6.2 未來展望 100
參考文獻 101
附錄1 審查核可證明 109
附錄2 健康影響評估問卷 110
附錄3 受試者同意書 111
論文發表 115
自傳 117

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