臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著科技發展，自1940年代起，非破壞性地球物理方法便因具有快速、經濟、有效等優點，因此被廣泛應用於考古學上，用於引導挖掘工作。其中，透地雷達為最常被使用的地球物理方法之一，由於其在淺地表探測可提供高解析度資訊，對於常需蒐集大量文獻資料、多次走訪田野調查，並需要花費數個月、甚至好幾年進行挖掘動作的傳統考古來說，可以提供快速的標定可能的地下歷史殘跡，以利於進行重點開挖，節省成本與時間。西班牙人在1626年進入台灣北部的雞籠港之後，占領了現在的基隆和平島一帶，並在島嶼西南側興建聖薩爾瓦多城，並於城外建有醫院、教堂和修道院。經古地圖疊合與地理資訊系統分析，發現位於和平島平一路停車場部分區塊與當時西班牙人所建之諸聖修道院（Todos los Santos）圍牆部分相吻合。本研究團隊與臺灣大學、台北科技大學、中央研究院等單位合作，於2011年10月起，在西班牙考古學家團隊的指導下，於停車場兩個部分進行考古試掘。試掘之前，我們先行於挖掘位置及考古現場周圍分區以150MHz透地雷達天線進行先導淺地表探測，找出可能存在之殘跡位置與深度，以提供即時挖掘資訊。藉由數條對齊挖掘現場、間距密集（1公尺）的東北-西南向平行測線進行探測，將處理後的二維透地雷達資料建立成三維影像，由其結果發現，在挖掘位置附近主要有具有空間連續性之構造，深度分佈約在0.9到1.3公尺深的位置。其中一深度位於1.0公尺處之構造走向與考古團隊所挖掘到之石牆在同一延伸直線上，研判極有可能為相同構造；而位於1.3公尺深之構造因深度較深，應是不同時期在相近位置所建的構造。另外，經由二維地電阻探測與透地雷達探測結果進行比對後，發現除上述兩個主要構造之外，在還未進行挖掘的區域尚有其他構造存在，分佈於約0.8及1.0公尺深位置。這些資訊將可作為日後挖掘活動的引導及參考。

As the progress of scientific knowledge and technology, the study in ancient sites with geophysical method is widely documented since 1940s. GPR is one of the non-invasive geophysical methods which provide rapid and high-resolution measurements in the shallow subsurface for anthropogenic objects. Therefore it can serves as a guiding tool for possible excavation locations for archaeological surveys. City of San Salvador, which is a Dutch city consisted of fortress, hospitals and churches in 17 century, is located in the Hoping Island in Keelung, Taiwan. The fortress and its affiliated structures were abandoned and left collapsing since the mid-17th century. Some relics of the fortress were still remained until the early 20th century but the fast development in the island has demolished or buried these relics under building or road pavements. Recently the government initiated a new excavation project at the parking lot where the ancient convent of church the Todos los Santos is believed there. Meanwhile we have used GPR with different antennas to help guiding the excavation location. After combining common offset data and velocity analysis we have located the possible remains of walls of the convent or other structures around 0.8 meters and 0.9 to 1.3 meters in depth, our results can provide useful information to better plan the archaeological excavations.

第一章、緒論 3
1-1 研究動機 3
1-2研究目的 6
1-3研究區域概況 6
1-4研究流程 9
1-5前人研究 10
第二章、研究方法 12
2-1 透地雷達基本概念 12
2-2 電磁波基本原理與特性 13
2-3 透地雷達施測方法與原理 18
2-4透地雷達施測參數 21
2-4-1 天線頻率 21
2-4-2天線移動間距 23
2-4-3時間視窗（Time window） 23
2-4-4實測參數 24
2-5 地電阻 24
2-5-1地電阻基本原理與特性 25
2-5-2地電阻施測陣列 27
第三章、資料處理與資料展示 28
3-1第一期施測反射式資料處理 28
圖21、第一期施測反射式資料處理流程 28
3-1-1原始資料 28
3-1-2雷達訊號頻譜分析 29
3-1-3帶通濾波 29
3-1-4訊號增益 30
3-1-5除去不良資料點 31
3-1-6濾除水平雜訊 31
3-1-7 Easy Prism 3D 透地雷達三維影像處理軟體 31
3-2第二期施測反射式資料處理 32
圖27、第二期施測反射式資料處理流程 33
3-1-1原始資料 33
3-2-2克西荷夫移位處理 34
3-2-3背景值移除 34
3-3透地雷達資料展示 35
3-3-1反射式透地雷達資料展示 35
3-3-2 CMP資料展示 49
3-4 寬角度反射/折射法資料處理 51
3-5 二維地電阻資料展示 56
第四章、討論 58
4-1地區雜訊 58
4-2不同透地雷達儀器施測結果比較 62
4-3地電阻法與透地雷達法應用於都市區之有效性探討 66
4-4海嘯沉積層 67
第五章、結論 70
參考文獻 72
附錄 77

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Drahor, M.G., Kurtulmuş, T.Ö., Berge, M.A., Hartmann, M. and Speidel, M.A., 2008. Magnetic imaging and electrical resistivity tomography studies in a Roman military installation found in Satala archaeological site, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(2): 259-271.
Forte, E. and Pipan, M., 2008. Integrated seismic tomography and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for the high-resolution study of burial mounds (tumuli). Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(9): 2614-2623.
Gracia, V.P., Canas, J.A., Pujades, L.G., Clapes, J., Caselles, O., Garcıa, F. and Osorio, R., 2000. GPR survey to confirm the location of ancient structures under the Valencian Cathedral, Spain. Journal of Applied Geophysics.
Hammon, W.S., McMechan, G.A. and Zeng, X., 2000. Forensic GPR: finite-difference simulations of responses from buried human remains. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 45: 171-186.
Koppenjan, S.K., 2003. The application of GPR in Florida for detecting forensic burials.
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Nuzzo, L., Leucci, G. and Negri, S., 2009. GPR, ERT and magnetic investigations inside the Martyrium of St Philip, Hierapolis, Turkey. Archaeological Prospection, 16(3): 177-192.
Papadopoulos, N.G., Yi, M.-J., Kim, J.-H., Tsourlos, P. and Tsokas, G.N., 2010. Geophysical investigation of tumuli by means of surface 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 70(3): 192-205.
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Seren, A., Gelisli, K. and Catakli, A., 2008. A geophysical investigation of the Late Roman underground settlement at Aydintepe, Northeast Turkey. Geoarchaeology, 23(6): 842-860.
Solla, M., Lorenzo, H., Rial, F.I. and Novo, A., 2011. GPR evaluation of the Roman masonry arch bridge of Lugo (Spain). NDT &; E International, 44(1): 8-12.
Sternberg, B.K. and McGill, J.W., 1995. Archaeology studies in southern Arizona using ground penetrating radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33(1-3): 209–225.
Tonkov, N. and Loke, M.H., 2006. A resistivity survey of a burial mound in the ‘Valley of the Thracian Kings’. Archaeological Prospection, 13(2): 129-136.
Astin, T., Eckardt, H. and Hay, S., 2007. Resistivity imaging survey of the Roman barrows at Bartlow, Cambridgeshire, UK. Archaeological Prospection, 14(1): 24-37.
Becker, H., 1995. From Nanotesla to Picotesla—a New Window for Magnetic Prospecting in Archaeology. Archaeological Prospection, 2: 217-228.
Berberian, M. and Yeats, R.S., 2001. Contribution of archaeological data to studies of earthquake history.
Bini, M., Fornaciari, A., Ribolini, A., Bianchi, A., Sartini, S. and Coschino, F., 2010. Medieval phases of settlement at Benabbio castle, Apennine mountains, Italy: evidence from Ground Penetrating Radar survey. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(12): 3059-3067.
Brown, J., Nichols, J., Steinbronn, L. and Bradford, J., 2009. Improved GPR interpretation through resolution of lateral velocity heterogeneity: Example from an archaeological site investigation. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 68(1): 3-8.
Conyers, L.B., 2011. Discovery, mapping and interpretation of buried cultural resources non-invasively with ground-penetrating radar. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 8(3): S13-S22.
Dahlin, T. and Zhou, B., 2004. A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays. European Association of Geoscientists &; Engineers(Geophysical Prospecting): 379–398.
Davis, J.L. and Annan, A.P., 1989. GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR. Geophysical Prospecting.
Doolittle, J.A. and Bellantoni, N.F., 2010. The search for graves with ground-penetrating radar in Connecticut. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(5): 941-949.
Drahor, M.G., Kurtulmuş, T.Ö., Berge, M.A., Hartmann, M. and Speidel, M.A., 2008. Magnetic imaging and electrical resistivity tomography studies in a Roman military installation found in Satala archaeological site, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(2): 259-271.
Forte, E. and Pipan, M., 2008. Integrated seismic tomography and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for the high-resolution study of burial mounds (tumuli). Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(9): 2614-2623.
Gracia, V.P., Canas, J.A., Pujades, L.G., Clapes, J., Caselles, O., Garcıa, F. and Osorio, R., 2000. GPR survey to confirm the location of ancient structures under the Valencian Cathedral, Spain. Journal of Applied Geophysics.
Hammon, W.S., McMechan, G.A. and Zeng, X., 2000. Forensic GPR: finite-difference simulations of responses from buried human remains. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 45: 171-186.
Koppenjan, S.K., 2003. The application of GPR in Florida for detecting forensic burials.
Leucci, G., Masini, N., Persico, R. and Soldovieri, F., 2011. GPR and sonic tomography for structural restoration: the case of the cathedral of Tricarico. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 8(3): S76-S92.
Minh, V.D. and Duan, N.B., 2007. Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
and Multi-electrode Resistivity Imaging (MRI) methods
to discover old road foundations around Doan Mon vestige.
Neal, A., 2004. Ground-penetrating radar and its use in sedimentology:
principles, problems and progress. Earth-Science Reviews, 66: 261–330.
Negri, S., Leucci, G. and Mazzone, F., 2008. High resolution 3D ERT to help GPR data interpretation for researching archaeological items in a geologically complex subsurface. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 65(3-4): 111-120.
Nuzzo, L., Leucci, G. and Negri, S., 2009. GPR, ERT and magnetic investigations inside the Martyrium of St Philip, Hierapolis, Turkey. Archaeological Prospection, 16(3): 177-192.
Papadopoulos, N.G., Yi, M.-J., Kim, J.-H., Tsourlos, P. and Tsokas, G.N., 2010. Geophysical investigation of tumuli by means of surface 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 70(3): 192-205.
Rodrigues, S.I., Porsani, J.L., Santos, V.R.N., DeBlasis, P.A.D. and Giannini, P.C.F., 2009. GPR and inductive electromagnetic surveys applied in three coastal sambaqui (shell mounds) archaeological sites in Santa Catarina state, South Brazil. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(10): 2081-2088.
Sambuelli, L., Bohm, G., Capizzi, P., Cardarelli, E. and Cosentino, P., 2011. Comparison between GPR measurements and ultrasonic tomography with different inversion algorithms: an application to the base of an ancient Egyptian sculpture. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 8(3): S106-S116.
Seren, A., Gelisli, K. and Catakli, A., 2008. A geophysical investigation of the Late Roman underground settlement at Aydintepe, Northeast Turkey. Geoarchaeology, 23(6): 842-860.
Solla, M., Lorenzo, H., Rial, F.I. and Novo, A., 2011. GPR evaluation of the Roman masonry arch bridge of Lugo (Spain). NDT &; E International, 44(1): 8-12.
Sternberg, B.K. and McGill, J.W., 1995. Archaeology studies in southern Arizona using ground penetrating radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33(1-3): 209–225.
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