臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

光子晶體為不同折射率介質週期性排列而成的結構，利用其光子能隙的特性可製作光子晶體雷射，但是受限於製作的難度，三維光子晶體的發展遠遠落後於二維和一維光子晶體。然而，藍相為週期性排列的雙重扭轉圓柱組成的晶格結構，可將其視為自組裝的三維光子晶體，藉由探討各種製程條件來達到自組裝的藍相光子晶體雷射元件為本論文之研究目標。
本論文將雷射染料摻雜於藍相液晶中，研究向列型液晶和旋性物質(chiral)的比例對藍相液晶溫度範圍和其布拉格反射波長所造成的變化，藉由Kossel diagram的繞射圖形探討降溫速度與表面處理對藍相晶格結構的影響。從實驗結果發現，若我們選擇適當的材料比例可得到存在於室溫的藍相三維光子晶體，且其布拉格反射波長位於雷射染料之放射頻譜中。此外，經由改變降溫速度的快慢和表面處理的方式會使得雷射輸出變得穩定。利用上述結果，我們製作出室溫下之三維藍相液晶雷射元件，成功量測到三個維度之雷射輸出。分析此元件雷射輸出方向與水平配向的關係，並研究了溫度的改變對此雷射輸出波長的影響。基於此研究成果，未來對可調控的三維光子晶體雷射的發展極有幫助。

Photonic crystal is the periodic structure with different refractive index media. Its photonic-bandgap characteristics could be used to make the photonic crystal lasers. Because of the difficulty of fabrication, the development of three-dimensional photonic crystal is far behind the two-dimensional and one-dimensional photonic crystals. Blue phase liquid crystals are formed by periodic lattice structure with double-twisted cylinder, therefore it is a three-dimensional self-assembled photonic crystal. The objective in this study is to fabricate the three-dimensional photonic crystal blue phase liquid crystal laser by investigating the materials and the fabricating conditions.
In this thesis, we doped the laser dye in the blue phase liquid crystal to make the laser device. Firstly, we studied blue phase temperature range and Bragg reflection wavelength under different material ratio. The blue phase lattice structures under different cool rate and surface treatment could be investigated by observing Kossel diagram . According to the experiment results, three-dimensional blue phase photonic crystal laser under room temperature could be achieved through appropriate material ratio, and its Bragg reflection wavelength is corresponds to the emission spectrum of the doped laser dye. By decreasing the cooling rate and the adapting homogeneous alignment of the substrates, the laser output will become more stable. As the result, we successfully fabricated the three-dimensional liquid crystal blue phase laser device at room temperature, and measured three-dimensional laser output. In addition, We study the relations between the laser emission direction and the alignment direction, and the temperature tuning characteristics of the laser wavelength. These results are very useful for the development of the three dimension tunable laser.

目錄
摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II
致謝----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV
目錄-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V
圖目錄------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII
表目錄--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------X

第一章 緒論-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
第二章 液晶及藍相液晶簡介----------------------------------------------------------------2
2-1液晶簡介----------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2-1.1何謂液晶----------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2-1.2液晶分類----------------------------------------------------------------------------3
2-1.3液晶各種物理特性----------------------------------------------------------------7
2-2藍相液晶簡介--------------------------------------------------------------------------11
2-2.1藍相液晶簡史--------------------------------------------------------------------11
2-2.2藍相液晶特性--------------------------------------------------------------------11
2-2.3藍相液晶的結構-----------------------------------------------------------------12
第三章理論介紹-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
3-1光子晶體--------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
3-2膽固醇液晶一維光子晶體-----------------------------------------------------------17
3-3 藍相液晶三維光子晶體-------------------------------------------------------------19
3-4掺雜染料的光子晶體雷射元件-----------------------------------------------------22
第四章實驗方法與過程----------------------------------------------------------------------23
4-1材料介紹--------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
4-2製作流程--------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
4-3實驗介紹--------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
4-3.1量測chiral濃度對藍相液晶之反射波長影響------------------------------27
4-3.2量測E48與K15之間比例對藍相液晶反射波長以及溫度範圍影響--28
4-3.3探討藍相液晶晶格結構與雷射輸出-----------------------------------------30
4-3.4改善藍相液晶晶格結構與雷射輸出-----------------------------------------32
4-3.5探討雷射輸出方向之特性-----------------------------------------------------32
4-3.6溫度控制藍相液晶雷射輸出--------------------------------------------------33
第五章結果與討論----------------------------------------------------------------------------34
5-1掺雜chiral濃度與藍相液晶布拉格反射波長關係------------------------------34
5-2添加向列型液晶K15後比較藍相液晶的溫度與布拉格反射波長之影響
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
5-3探討藍相液晶晶格結構與雷射輸出關係-----------------------------------------41
5-3.1藍相液晶晶格與降溫速率關係-----------------------------------------------41
5-3.2無表面處理藍相液晶增益-----------------------------------------------------43
5-4利用水平配向的方式改善藍相共振腔結構--------------------------------------45
5-5利用自組裝藍相液晶製作三維光子晶體雷射元件-----------------------------48
5-6探討藍相液晶雷射輸出特性--------------------------------------------------------51
5-6.1藍相液晶雷射輸出方向--------------------------------------------------------51
5-6.2溫度對藍相液晶雷射輸出波長影響-----------------------------------------53
第六章總結與未來展望----------------------------------------------------------------------56
6-1總結----------------------------------------------------------------------56
6-2未來展望----------------------------------------------------------------------------57
參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58

圖目錄
圖2-1：物質的在溫度下的變化---------------------------------------------------------------2
圖2-2向列型液晶分子排列-------------------------------------------------------------------4
圖2-3：膽固醇液晶分子排列------------------------------------------------------------------4
圖2-4：膽固醇液晶之四種狀態---------------------------------------------------------------5
圖2-5：折射率橢圓球---------------------------------------------------------------------------7
圖2-6：向列型液晶電場示意圖---------------------------------------------------------------9
圖2-7：三種型態的液晶排列------------------------------------------------------------------9
圖2-8：藍相液晶的溫度序列-----------------------------------------------------------------11
圖2-9： 膽固醇液晶Simple twist結構-----------------------------------------------------12
圖2-10： 液晶扭轉示意圖--------------------------------------------------------------------12
圖2-11： Simple twist與Double twist示意圖---------------------------------------------13
圖2-12： Double twist cylinder結構--------------------------------------------------------13
圖2-13：藍相液晶的缺陷---------------------------------------------------------------------14
圖2-13由Double twist cylinder結構組成的藍相液晶單位晶格----------------------14
圖2-14立方晶格結構晶格面示意圖-------------------------------------------------------15
圖3-1：光子晶體--------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
圖3-2：光子晶體的dispersion relation------------------------------------------------------17
圖3-3:膽固醇液晶的布拉格反射-----------------------------------------------------------18
圖3-4:對膽固醇液晶Planer結構之反射頻譜圖------------------------------------------18
圖3-5：body center cubic之dispersion relation--------------------------------------------19
圖3-6：單位晶格的布拉格反射--------------------------------------------------------------20
圖3-7:Conoscopic架設示意圖--------------------------------------------------------------20
圖3-8:各種藍相液晶的Kossel diagram----------------------------------------------------21
圖3-9:藍相液晶共振條件--------------------------------------------------------------------22
圖4-1：S811分子結構式----------------------------------------------------------------------23
圖4-2：Py597分子結構式--------------------------------------------------------------------24
圖4-3：Py597之吸收光譜圖-----------------------------------------------------------------24
圖4-4：Py597之放射光譜圖-----------------------------------------------------------------25
圖4-5：Sample製作流程----------------------------------------------------------------------26
圖4-6：觀測藍相液晶架設圖-----------------------------------------------------------------29
圖4-7：量測藍相液晶反射光譜之架設-----------------------------------------------------29
圖4-8：量測藍相液晶Kossel之架設--------------------------------------------------------30
圖4-9：量測藍相液晶雷射之系統-----------------------------------------------------------31
圖4-10對於玻璃基板水平配向示意圖----------------------------------------------------32
圖4-11：溫度控制藍相液晶雷射之系統---------------------------------------------------33
圖5-1：藍相液晶在20X偏光顯微鏡下的板塊結構--------------------------------------34
圖5-2：不同藍相液晶所能存在的溫度範圍以及對應的反射波長-------------------35
圖5-3：對於藍相液晶<a1>所存在的範圍顯微鏡觀察以及反射光譜----------------37
圖5-4：對於藍相液晶<a2>所存在的範圍顯微鏡觀察以及反射光譜----------------38
圖5-5：對於藍相液晶<b1>所存在的範圍顯微鏡觀察以及反射光譜----------------38
圖5-6：對於藍相液晶<b2>所存在的範圍顯微鏡觀察以及反射光譜----------------39
圖5-7掺雜雷射染料後的藍相液晶偏光顯微鏡觀察------------------------------------41
圖5-8：藍相液晶板塊結構以及不同的Kossel diagram---------------------------------42
圖5-9：藍相液晶在28℃的反射光譜-------------------------------------------------------43
圖5-10：未經水平配向的藍相液晶增益輸出---------------------------------------------44
圖5-11：不同溫度下掺雜雷射染料並且經由水平配向後的藍相液晶的觀察------45
圖5-12以0.01oC/min降溫速率觀察到的藍相液晶以及Kossel 繞射圖形----------46
圖5-13以0.5oC/min降溫速率觀察到的藍相液晶以及Kossel 繞射圖形-----------47
圖5-14：對藍相液晶水平配向之雷射------------------------------------------------------48
圖5-15：水平配向後所量測的反射波長---------------------------------------------------49
圖5-16：經過水平配向的藍相液晶雷射輸出波長---------------------------------------50
圖5-17：在玻璃基版上不同方向的水平配向方式---------------------------------------51
圖5-18：掺雜雷射染料的藍相液晶灌入45°水平配向cell之雷射--------------------51
圖5-19藍相液晶在玻璃內的共振腔示意圖----------------------------------------------52
圖5-20：不同的配向方式拍攝出的Kossel diagram 繞射條紋------------------------52
圖5-21：對不同溫度點藍相液晶雷射輸出偵測------------------------------------------53
圖5-22：藍相液晶雷射輸出波長與溫度關係圖------------------------------------------54

表目錄
表2-1：液晶基本分類---------------------------------------------------------------------------3
表4-1：藍相液晶比例配置--------------------------------------------------------------------27
表4-2： E48與K15比例調製----------------------------------------------------------------28
表4-3：調配不同比例的藍相液晶-----------------------------------------------------------28
表5-1：不同S811的藍相液晶反射波長以及溫度存在範圍----------------------------36
表5-2：比較增加K15後藍相液晶的溫度存在範圍以及反射波長範圍--------------39
表5-3：比較cell有無配向處理的藍相液晶之反射波長以及溫度範圍--------------45

[1] L.P. G. de Gennes and J. Prost, The Physics of Liwuid Crystals, 2nd ed.,Clarendon Press, Qxford (1993).
[2] S. Singh, and D. -A. Dunmur, “Liquid Crystal: Fundamentals”, World Scientific, Singapore (1990).
[3] 陳文政, “摻雜奈米粒子與偶氮染料的液晶薄膜之光配向研究及應用”, 中山大學 光電所(2009)
[4] G. -P. Crawford, and S. Žumer, “Liquid crystals in Complex Geometries-Formed by polymer and porous networks”, Taylor & Francis (1996).
[5]L.M. Blinov , V.G. Chigrinov , Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Cryatal Materials , Springer-Verlag , New York (1994).
[6] A. Yariv, “Optical Electronics in Modern Communications”, Oxford University Press (1997).
[7]S. Meiboom, J. P. Sethna, P. W. Anderson, W. F. Brinkmann, “Theory of the Blue Phase of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals” Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1216 (1981).
[8] H. Kikuchi, “Liquid Crystalline Blue Phases”, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2007).
[9] H. Kikuchi, M. Yokota, Y. Hisakado, H. Yang, and T. Kajiyama, “Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal blue phases”, Nat. Mater. 1, 64 (2002).
[10]S. John, ”Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev Lett. 58, pp.2486-2489, (1987)
[11] E. Yablonvitch, ”Inhibited spontaneous emission in the solid-state physics and electronics,” Phys. Rev Lett. 58, pp.2059-2062, (1987)
[12] 林宗賢, “液晶光子晶體雷射現象與其光控制研究”, 國立成功大學物理, 物理研究所(2004).
[13]R. M. Hornreich, S. Shtrikman, and C. Sommers, “Photonic bands in simple and body-centered-cubic cholesteric blue phases,” Phys. Rev. E 47, 2067–2072 (1993).
[14]P. P. Crooker, “Blue Phases”, in Chirality in Liquid Crystals, Eds. H. -S. Kitzerow and Ch. Bahr, Springer, New York (2001).
[15] H. -J. Coles, and M. -N. Pivnenko, “Liquid crystal ‘blue phases’ with a wide temperature range”, Nature. 436, 997 (2005).
[16] C. -T. Wang, H. -Y. Liu, H. -H. Cheng, and T. -H. Lin, “Bistable effect in the liquid crystal blue phase”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 041106 (2010).
[17]H.-Y. Liu, C.-T. Wang, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-H. Lin, and J.-H. Liu,“Optically tuneable blue phase photonic band gaps,” Appl.Phys. Lett. 96, 121103 (2010).
[18]P. Etchegoin, “Blue phases of cholesteric liquid crystals as thermotropic photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. E. 62, 1435–1437 (2000)
[19] C. Bohley, T. Scharf,”Matrix optics approach for liquid crystalline blue phases” Opt. Las. Engin. 43, 329-339 (2005)
[20] W. CAO, A. MUNOZ, P. P.-MUHORAY, and B. TAHERI, “Lasing in a three-dumensional photonic crystal of the liquid crystal blue phase II” Nat. Mater. 1, 111 (2002).
[21] H. Kikuchi, M. Yokota, Y. Hisakado, H. Yang, and T. Kajiyama, “Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal blue phases”, Nat. Mater. 1, 64 (2002).
[22] Hu-Yi Liu, Chun-Ta Wang, Chiao-Yun Hsu, and Tsung-Hsien Lin “Pinning effect on the photonic bandgaps of blue-phase liquid crystal” Appl. Opt. 50, 1606–1609 (2011).