臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在無線網路中，無線電資源是稀少的。如何有效的使用稀少的無線電資源同時提供行動使用者良好的服務品質是一項重要的議題。本篇論文探討了微(微)細胞無線網路上的無線電資源管理和服務品質提供課題。

首先，我們研究了叢集型態之微(微)細胞無線網路下的資源管理與服務品質提供。我們提出一個雙臨界值呼叫應許控制策略，並且發展了一個分析方法來挑選雙臨界值。選出的雙臨界值，一個用在叢集階層，另一個用在細胞階層。此呼叫應許控制策略不但可保證服務品質，並且與前人單臨界值呼叫應許控制方法相較，此方法提高了無線電資源的使用率。

前人文獻指出重疊式叢集型態細胞無線網路可以減少叢集換手事件且進一步降低處理叢集換手的系統負荷，但卻未提出在此種網路上相關的叢集頻道分配與換手策略。然而，不同的叢集頻道分配與換手策略會導致不同的資源使用效率和服務品質。因此，我們提出了三個叢集頻道分配和換手策略，並且比較了此三個策略在資源管理效能和服務品質上的差異。

除了討論叢集間重疊區域的資源管理問題，我們亦討論了相鄰細胞間重疊區域的無線電資源管理問題。我們在細胞重疊的環境下提出了一個最佳頻道交換技術和一個多細胞頻寬調整技術。此兩項技術藉著對重疊區域的行動使用者進行頻道交換藉以改善系統效能。此兩項技術皆顯著提高了服務品質與資源使用效率。

最後，我們研究了在一個細胞的涵蓋範圍下多個行動使用者與基地台間收送封包的資源配置問題。在此環境下，我們提出了兩項技術。第一項技術稱之為傾斜式訊框排列，此技術將不同頻道載波間的訊框採用一個傾斜式排列方式，藉以提高資源使用效率和服務品質。同時我們也提出在此訊框排列方式下的媒介存取控制通訊協定。第二項技術是一個動態分配小型時槽給行動終端機的通訊協定，此動態分配的特性提高了資源使用效能和服務品質。

Radio resource is scarce in wireless networks. From the perspective of the wireless system, it is desirable to make efficient use of the radio resource. From the viewpoint of mobile users, it is required that quality of service (QoS) provided by the system should be as high as possible. It is essential to develop resource management schemes for wireless networks such that the utilization of radio resource is efficient while good QoS is provided for mobile users. In this dissertation, we address technical issues on radio resource allocation and QoS provision in micro/picocellular wireless networks.

First of all, we focus on cluster-based micro/picocellular wireless networks, in which the collection of cells covered by the base stations under the control of a switch is called a cluster. We propose a call admission control policy that employs two levels of admission thresholds: one at the cell level and the other at the cluster level. An analytical method is developed to analyze the performance
of the proposed policy. Compared with call admission policies that employ a single threshold either at the cell level or at the cluster level under the condition
that the policies provide the same predetermined maximum level of call hand-off dropping probability, the proposed call admission policy provides significantly higher throughput.

The concept of overlap clusters has been suggested in previous literature to prevent frequent cluster hand-offs that occur when mobile users move back and forth between the clusters. However, cluster channel assignment in overlap
clusters and hand-off policies in overlap areas have never been studied before. We propose two cluster channel assignment policies, and two hand-off policies.
The proposed cluster channel assignment policies and hand-off policies are combined to obtain three different strategies, namely, partitioned-boundary,
partitioned-early, and shared-boundary strategies. Simulation results show that the partitioned-early and shared-boundary strategies produce significantly lower
hand-off dropping probability than the partitioned-boundary strategy.

Besides studying overlap areas between clusters, we also study overlap areas between cells. It is unavoidable that overlap areas exist between adjacent cells in order for mobile users to gain services from anywhere in the service areas of cellular wireless networks. We study two techniques in the environment that neighbor cells overlap with each other. One is channel rearrangement technique
that enables a mobile user in the overlap area to handoff to another cell, such that the released channel(s) can be used by a new user or a handoff user. The other is bandwidth adaptation that selects a subset of mobile users and adjusts the bandwidth allocated to the mobile users in order to achieve certain goal. We propose optimal channel rearrangement and optimal bandwidth adaptation
schemes for multiclass traffic in cellular wireless networks. The optimal channel rearrangement and the optimal bandwidth adaptation schemes significantly improve QoS and carry more traffic.

Finally, we address radio resource management in a cell. We consider existing TDD based packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) protocol and its variations, which enable mobile terminals to transmit and receive packets to and
from a centralized base station on a shared radio medium. Two PRMA based schemes are proposed in this dissertation. One is slanted frame arrangement scheme that enables a mobile terminal to switch among different frequency carriers
such that shorter time is required to obtain a slot at the beginning of a talk spurt or a burst of data. The other is dynamic non-collision PRMA (DNC-PRMA) that dynamically allocate control mini-slots to mobile terminals such
that the channel throughput is increased dramatically. Simulation results show that the slanted frame arrangement scheme and the DNC-PRMA significantly improve performance.

1 Introduction 1
1.1 SystemArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Resource Management Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Channel Assignment Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Hand-Off Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Call Admission Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Research Topics and Proposed Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 DissertationOrganization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Double-Threshold Admission Control in Cluster-Based Micro/
Picocellular Wireless Networks 9
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 The SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Call Admission Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Analysis of the Proposed Call Admission Policy . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.2 The ClusterMarkovChain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.3 The Cell Markov Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.4 A Procedure for Solving the Markov Chains . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.5 Verification with Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.6 Asymptotic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Selection of the Admission Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 Performance Comparison and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Channel Assignment and Hand-off Policies in Cluster-Based
Micro/Picocellular Wireless Networks 40
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 SystemArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 The Proposed Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.1 The Channel Assignment Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.2 The Hand-Off Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.3 The Call Admission Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.4 Combination of the Channel and Hand-Off Policies . . . . 48
3.4 Simulation and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.1 SimulationModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.2 Performance comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4 Optimal Channel Rearrangement in Multimedia CellularWireless
Networks 62
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2 SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3 The Role of Channel Rearrangement in Call admission and Handoff
Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3.1 Call Admission Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3.2 Handoff Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4 Optimal Channel Rearrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.1 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4.2 ProblemFormulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.5 SimulationModel and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5 A Multi-cell Bandwidth Adaptation Scheme in Multimedia Cellular
Wireless Networks 84
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.2 Model Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.2.1 SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.2.2 TrafficModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.3 The Role of Bandwidth Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.3.1 New Call Arrivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.3.2 Handoff Call Arrivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.3.3 Handoff Call Departures and Call Completions . . . . . . 91
5.4 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.4.1 The Notation Used in the Formulation of Bandwidth Adaptation
Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.5 The Multi-Cell Bandwidth Adaptation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.5.1 ProblemFormulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.5.2 Arrival Subproblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.5.3 Departure Subproblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.6 Simulation Model and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6 Slanted Frame Arrangement on Multiple Frequency Carriers in
TDD Based PRMA 110
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2 TDD Based PRMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.3 Slanted Frame Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3.1 Uplink Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.3.2 Downlink Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.4 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.4.1 SimulationModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.4.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7 A Dynamic Non-Collision Packet Reservation Multiple Access
Protocol for TDD-Based Wireless Networks 123
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2 TheMain Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.3 SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.3.1 Frame and Slot Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.3.2 Broadcast Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.3.3 ControlMessages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.4 ProtocolDescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.4.1 Uplink Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.4.2 Downlink Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.5 Simulation and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.5.1 The Protocol to be Compared with . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.5.2 Simulation Parameters and Traffic Model . . . . . . . . . 135
7.5.3 Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.5.4 Channel Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.5.5 Packet Dropping Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.5.6 Channel Access Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8 Conclusions 144

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