臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究引用2006年台灣地區家庭收支調查資料，探討國人在醫療支出與休閒支出、居住層別、所得收入、戶長性別、年齡及教育程度、職業、社會保險支出等之線性關係，另為解決以一般線性迴歸分析(OLS)估計不同休閒程度之醫療支出函數各參數，因自我選擇(self-selection)問題所造成之推論偏誤，於是導入內生轉換迴歸模型(ESRM)，以利找出家計單位的休閒程度與醫療支出受何因素影響及兩者之關係。
本文與其他有關醫療、休閒支出相關研究之主要差異在於將休閒支出變數內生化，也就是視休閒支出為內生變數加以探討，另運用二元狀態的模式來探討在不同的休閒程度下，對醫療支出的影響。再者希望透過內生轉換迴歸模型的應用，能更有效解釋休閒支出對醫療支出的影響。
實證結果顯示無論是高度休閒族群或是低度休閒族群皆是選擇休閒的族群，而且因為其選擇適合自己的休閒程度而使其醫療支出也較低，此亦是我們將休閒程度內生化後所得到研究結果。
關鍵字：休閒程度、醫療支出、內生轉換迴歸模型

This study cited the 2006 Survey of Taiwan Family Income and Expenditures (STFIE) to explore the linear relationship of people’s expenditures among medical health, leisure expense, living area, outcome, gender of house owner, age, education, occupation and social insurance. In this study, the researcher adopted the endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) to find out the influential reasons and relationship between the leisure involvement and health care expenditure on family unit. It is to solve the assumption errors caused by the self-selection problem, when using the approach of OLS to analyze the function variables of health care expenditure in different leisure involvement group.
The remarkable difference between this study and the past studies is to take the variable of leisure expenditure as an endogenous variable and obtain the relative possibilities. In addition, the model of probit is used to explore the effects of health care expenditure against different leisure involvements. Furthermore, under the application of ESRM, the researcher wanted to propose better explanations how the leisure involvement effects the health care expenditure
The empirical result shows that no matter high leisure involvement group or low leisure involvement group will take part in suitable leisure activities. Consequently, their health care expenditure relatively drops down. The conclusion corresponds with the result of this study when the leisure involvement is endogenouslized.

Keyword: leisure involvement, health care expenditure, endogenous switching regression model

第一章 緒論 ------------------------------------------ 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 ------------------------------- 1
第二節 研究目的 ------------------------------------- 2
第三節 研究方法 ------------------------------------- 2
第四節 論文架構 ------------------------------------- 2
第二章 文獻探討 --------------------------------------- 4
第一節 醫療支出相關文獻 ---------------------------- 4
第二節 休閒支出相關文獻 --------------------------- 16
第三節 轉換迴歸模型相關文獻 ----------------------- 21
第四節 小結 --------------------------------------- 24
第三章 資料來源說明與內容分析 ---------------------- 25
第一節 資料來源 ------------------------------------ 25
第二節 實證變數 ------------------------------------ 26
第三節 資料分析 ------------------------------------ 29
第四章 實證模型與結果分析 --------------------------- 37
第一節 理論模型設立 -------------------------------- 37
第二節 實證理論模型之估計式 ------------------------ 39
第三節 實證模型 ------------------------------------ 42
第四節 實證結果與分析 ------------------------------ 44
第五章 結論與建議 ----------------------------------- 50
第一節 研究成果 ------------------------------------ 50
第二節 建議 ---------------------------------------- 52
參考文獻 --------------------------------------------- 53

行政院(2006),「家庭收支調查報告」, 《行政院主計處出版》。
李明軒(1999),「廠商對外投資行為與研發行為間關係之研究 - 台灣電機電子業廠商之實證分析」, 《國立臺灣大學經濟學研究所碩士論文》。
李皇照與陳郁方(2001), 「國內旅遊市場消費者特性分析」, 《2001年科技與管理學術討論會論文集》。
徐美(2004),「有偶婦女在台灣勞動市場轉型中參與行為的變動」,《臺灣人口學會2004 年年會「暨人口、家庭與國民健康政策回顧與展望」研討會》。
陳世能與邱雅苓(2003),「醫療保健支出成長因素之探討─時間序列分析與門檻模型的應用」, 《經濟研究》,39（2）,197-240。
陳思遐(2005),「家庭醫療保健支出決定因素—分量迴歸法」,《世新大學管理學院經濟學系碩士論文》。
游慧光、朱弘毅(2001), 「醫療照護真的是奢侈財嗎？」, 《台灣銀行季刊》,52（2）,333-340。
游慧光、洪乙禎、王漢民、謝啟瑞(2007),「醫療保健支出的跨國與跨時比較」, 《 社會科學論叢》, 1（2）,23-70。
張文玲 (2001) 「台灣地區家庭保健及醫療支出行為之分析」，《海洋大學應用經濟研究所，碩士論文》。
趙弘靜(2002),「臺灣地區家庭部門時間配置與家務產值之研究」,《中國文化大學經濟學研究所碩博士論文》。
鄭新慶(2004),「台灣醫療支出成長因素之探討－時間序列與有向圖之應用」,《 逢甲大學會計與財稅研究所碩士論文》。
謝啟瑞、林建甫與游慧光(1998),「台灣醫療保健支出成長原因的探討」,《1998人文及社會科學集刊》,10（1）,1-32。
謝淑芬(2007a), 「臺灣地區國民旅遊消費型態與相關影響因素之研究－Two-Stage Tobit估計法」, 《觀光研究學報》, 13（2）, 139-164。
謝淑芬(2007b), 「家計單位人口結構對旅遊消費支出影響之研究－分量迴歸模型之應用」, 《戶外遊憩研究》, 20（3）,47-72。
Alene, Arega D. and V. M. Manyong (2007), “The effects of education on agricultural productivity under traditional and improved technology in northern Nigeria: an endogenous switching regression analysis,” Empirical Economics, 32,41–159.
Carrion-i-Silvestre, Josep Lluís(2005), “Health care expenditure and GDP: Are They Broken Stationary?,” Journal of Health Economics, 24,839-854.
Cook, F. L. and R. Setterstein Jr. (1995), “Expenditure Patterns by Age and Income Among Mature Adults: Does Age Matter?, ” Gerontologist, 35,10-23.
Dardis, R., F. Derrick, A. Lehfeld, and K.E. Wolfe. (1981), “Cross-section Studies of Recreation Expenditures in the United States,” Journal of Leisure Research, 13,181-194.
Dardis, R., H. Soberon-Ferrer, and D. Patro. (1994), “Analysis of Leisure Expenditures in the United States,” Journal of Leisure Research, 26, 309-321.
54
Fuglie, Keith O., and D. J. Bosch(1995), “Economic and Environmental Implications of soil nitrogen testing: a switching regression analysis,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77, 891–900.
Gerdtham, Ulf-G. and Bengt Jönsson. (1991), “Conversion Factor Instability in International Comparisons of Health Care Expenditure,” Journal of HealthEconomics,10,227-234.
Gerdtham, Ulf-G., Jes Soggard, Fredrik Andersson, and Bengt Jonsson. (1992), “AnEconometric Analysis of Health Care Expenditure: A Cross-section Study of theOECD Countries,” Journal of Health Economics, 11,63-84.
Gerdtham, Ulf-G. and Mickael Löthgren(2000), “On Stationarity and Cointegration of International Health Expenditure and GDP,” Journal of Health Economics, 19,461-475.
Grossman, Michael (1972), “On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health,” Journal of Political Economy, 80,223-235.
Hansen, Paul and Alan King(1996), “The Determinants of Health Care Expenditure:A Cointegration Approach,” Journal of Health Economics, 15,127-137.
Heckman, J.(1974), “Shadow Prices, Market Wages, and Labor Supply,” Econometrica, 42,679-694.
Heckman, J. (1979), “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error,” Econometrica, 47,153–162.
Hitiris, Theo and John Posnett(1992), “The Determinants and Effects of Health Expenditure in Developed Countries,” Journal of Health Economics, 11,173~181.
Jewell, Todd, Junsoo Lee, Margie Tieslau, and Mark C. Strazicich. (2003),“Stationarity of Health Expenditures and GDP: Evidence from Panel UnitRoot Tests with Heterogeneous Structural Breaks,” Journal of Health Economics, 22,313-23.
Kleiman, Ephraim (1974), “The Determinants of National Outlay on Health,” in M.Perlman eds., The Economics of Health and Medical Care(London:Macmillan).
Lee, L. F. (1976), “Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Models by Two-Stage Methods,” Ph. D. dissertation. University of Rochester.
Lee, L. F. (1978), “Unionism and wage rates: a simulation equation model with qualitative and limited dependent variables,” International Economic Review, 19,415–433.
Leu, Robert E(1986), “The Public-private Mix and International Health CareCosts,” in Culyer A. J. and B. Jonsson eds., Public and Private Health Services:Complementaries and Confl icts(Oxford: Basic Blackwell).
Lokshin, M. and Z. Sajaia (2004), “Maximum likelihood estimation of endogenous switching regression models,” Stata Jouranl, 4,282–289.
Maddala, G.S. (1983), “Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics,” Econometric Society Monographs No.3, Cambridge University Press, New York.
McCoskey, Suzanne K. and Thomas M. Selden(1998), “Health Care Expenditures and GDP: Panel Data Unit Root Test Results”, Journal of Health Economics, 17,396-76.
Murthy, V.N.R., V. Ukpolo (1994), “Aggregate Health Care Expenditure in the United States: Evidence from Cointegration Tests,” Applied Economics, 26,797-802.
Newhouse, Joseph P( 1977), “Medical-care Expenditure: A Cross-national Survey,”Journal of Human
55
Resources, 12,115-125.
Parkin, David, Alistair McGuire, and Brian Yule. (1987) “Aggregate Health Expenditures and National Income: Is Health Care a Luxury Good?” Journalof Health Economics, 6,109-127.
P’erez , Jose´ Ignacio Garcı’a and Yolanda Rebollo Sanz (2005), “Wage changes through job mobility in Europe: A multinomial endogenous switching approach,” Labour Economics, 12,531–555.
Schwenk, F. N. (1994), “Income and Consumer Expenditures of Rural Elders,” Family Economic Review, 7,20-27.
Stelcner, Morton, Jacques van der Gaag and Wim Vijverberg (1989), “A Switching Regression Model of Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials in Peru: 1985-86,” Journal of Human Resources, 24, 545-559.
Thompson, C. and A.W. Tinsley (1978), “Income expenditure elasticities for recreation: Their Estimation and relation to demand for recreation,” Journal of Leisure Research, 10,265-270.
Tokarski, Walter (1987), “Leisure and Life-Styles of the Elderly: Outline of a Research Programme,” European Journal of Education, 22,327-333.
Weagley, Robert O. and Eunjeong Huh (2004a), “Leisure Expenditures of Retired and Near-Retired Households,” Joumal of Leisure Research, 36,101-127.
Weagley, Robert O. and Eunjeong Huh (2004b), “The Impact of Retirement on Household Leisure Expenditures,” Journal of Consumer Affairs, 38,262-281.
Winship, Christopher and Robert D. Mare (1992), “Models for Sample Selection Bias,” Annual Review of Sociology, 18,327-350.
Zweifel, Peter, Stefan Felder, and Markus Meier.(1999), “Aging of Population and Health Care Expenditure, A Red Herring?,” Health Economics, 8,485-496.