臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
近來由於電力需量快速的增加及電力系統規模日益擴張，導致汽輪發電機組容量也不斷的增大，此使得電力系統一旦發生故障，即會引起異常大的故障電流，而導致非常嚴重之汽輪機轉軸及葉片之轉矩振動，此振動可能使轉軸及葉片承受過大應力而發生疲勞損傷。因此，為使汽輪機能安全運轉，必須對轉軸及葉片之振動行為加以改善，本論文即分別由電機及機械觀點提出不同之振動抑制法。
依據電機觀點，由於電力系統故障是經由發電機之電磁轉矩對汽輪機造成衝擊，因此，轉軸及葉片之振動改善可由此關鍵激擾源之抑制著手，本論文即分別由發電機定子側及轉子側提出減輕電磁轉矩擾動之方法。高溫超導限流器裝置於定子側，於故障發生時，瞬間切換至常態而提供相當大的常態電阻，使故障電流中之非對稱成份受到抑制。抗流圈則裝置於轉子側，其作為一個低通濾波器使用，使場繞組感應之系統頻率成份故障電流受到抑制。此兩方法均導致系統頻率成份電磁轉矩擾動之減輕，因此，非常有效的改善汽輪機葉片之振動行為。
依據機械觀點，經由機-電類比分析，發現轉軸參數影響葉片振動行為至鉅，尤其是發電機與低壓汽輪機間之轉軸剛度及發電機之轉子慣量掌控所有葉片之響應，因此，本論文分別由汽輪機側及整流器-激磁機側提出此兩種參數之改善方法。在汽輪機側，將一般使用之剛性聯軸器置換為撓性聯軸器，可使轉軸整體之剛度有效降低並保有足夠之轉矩傳遞能力。在整流器-激磁機側，將轉軸搭配飛輪慣量而設計成系統頻率機械濾波器，於故障發生時產生相當大的虛擬慣量，增大發電機轉子慣量之作用。此兩方法均導致葉片成為本質上對電力擾動呈不敏感性，因此，本質上葉片所承受之應力也將較小，其設計安全因數需求即可減小。
另一方面，本論文也特別針對運轉於腐蝕環境中之低壓汽輪機長葉片，研究其長期承受電力系統不平衡造成之小型應力衝擊之影響。由於此情況下可能發生腐蝕疲勞作用，因此，雖然負序電流在發電機熱額定範圍內，長期累積之腐蝕疲勞損傷仍可能成為導致葉片損壞之原因，易言之，傳統上對電力系統不平衡之保護措施，可能無法完全適用於葉片之保護。因此，電力系統不平衡之長期作用不可逕予忽略，必須依葉片材質與運轉環境而定，若評估結果顯示葉片潛藏損壞之威脅，則必須重新設計保護架構並慎重分配負載以控制電力系統之不平衡程度。

Abstract
Recently, the expansion in power system capacities leads to the development of large-scale steam turbine generator units. As a result, a fault on the power system may induce large fault current and give rise to serious torque vibrations on turbine shafts and blades, which ought to be improved in order for the reliable operation of a turbine-generator system. In the thesis, countermeasures are proposed from electrical viewing-point and from mechanical viewing-point respectively.
Based on electrical viewing-point, the apparatus in the generator stator side and in the rotor side respectively is applied to suppress the induced disturbing source. The high temperature superconductive fault current limiter bank introduces a large normal-state resistance to restrict the dc component of stator fault current. The choke coil acts as a low pass filter to restrict the system-frequency component of field fault current. Both of them lead to the reduction in electromagnetic torque of system-frequency and effectively improve the vibrating behavior of blades.
Based on mechanical viewing-point, it is found from the electromechanical analysis that the Generator/LP-Turbine shaft stiffness and the Generator rotor inertia constant determine the responses of all turbine blades. Once the stiffness on this shaft section is reduced by replacing the rigid shaft coupling with a flexible one or the inertia constant is augmented by a system-frequency mechanical filter, the blades become intrinsically less responsive to electrical disturbances. As a result, the blades will bear less stress impact and can be designed with smaller safety factor.
On the other hand, LP-turbine long blades operated in corrosive environment and underwent the statistical stress impact due to randomly distributed negative sequence current is studied also. In such situation, the blades may be subjected to corrosion fatigue and the long term effects of power system unbalance may become the cause of fatigue damage on blades though the negative sequence current is still within the limitation of generator thermo-rating. As a result, turbine blades are possibly unprotected by traditional system unbalance protection scheme. Therefore, it will depend on the operating environments and the blade materials whether such long-term stress can be neglected or not. If there is the potential of blade damage, one has to reconsider the I2 protection settings and rearrange the load distribution to limit the system unbalance.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 v
表目錄 viii
符號表 ix
第一章、 簡介 1
1.1 研究背景與目的 1
1.2 論文內容與創見 4
第二章、 系統模型 10
2.1 發電機模型 10
2.2 機械系統模型 15
2.3 控制系統模型 19
第三章、 系統響應分析 23
3.1 故障電流分析 23
3.2 干擾電磁轉矩分析 27
3.3 頻率掃瞄響應 30
第四章、 電機觀點：激擾源抑制法 34
4.1 激擾源抑制法 34
4.2 定子側解法-高溫超導限流器 40
4.3 轉子側解法-場繞抗流圈 49
第五章、 機械觀點：響應抑制法 55
5.1 機電類比 55
5.2 相量分析 60
5.3 剛度-慣量比調整 68
5.4 虛擬慣量 76
第六章、 疲勞損耗估算 86
6.1 汽輪機構件鋼材之材料疲勞特性 86
6.2 場繞抗流圈減輕轉軸及葉片疲勞損傷 92
6.3 撓性聯軸器與葉片安全因數需求分析 97
6.4 虛擬慣量與葉片安全因數需求分析 105
第七章、 電力系統不平衡造成之葉片長期累積腐蝕疲勞損傷 108
7.1 末級葉片對電力系統不平衡之響應 109
7.2 腐蝕疲勞 114
7.3 長期累積腐蝕疲勞損傷 119
第八章、 電力系統不平衡造成之葉片疲勞壽命機率與可靠度 126
8.1 疲勞壽命機率與可靠度理論 126
8.2 疲勞壽命機率 129
8.3 疲勞損壞可靠度 131
第九章、 結論與未來研究方向 136
9.1 結論 136
9.2 未來研究方向 139
參考文獻 141
附錄A、機組參數 151
附錄B、高溫超導限流器對汽輪機轉軸振動之影響 153
著作目錄 158

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