臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究首次針對台灣鹼氯工廠鄰近水域中生息的魚類進行其組織中總汞、有機汞及硒濃度的分析，藉由與其他地區測值的比較瞭解污染程度，並評估食用安全性；同時探討魚體內汞及硒的蓄積在種別及組織別的差異，兩元素間的交互關係及對魚體成長與發育的影響。
2003年9月22至10月13日期間，在台南市安南區鄰近鹿耳門溪出海口，已廢置22年的鹼氯工廠海水貯存池，進行四次的採集。採得海鰱（Elops machnata）、四線雞魚（Pelates quadrilineatus）、曳絲鑽嘴魚（Gerres filamentosus）、短棘鰏（Leiognathus equulus）、漢式綾鯷（Thryssa hamiltonii）、吳郭魚（Orechromis niloticus）、環球海鰶（Nematalosa come）、大鱗鮻（Liza macrolepis）、烏魚（Mugil cephalus）及虱目魚（Chanos chanos）等10種魚類及20個底泥樣品。分析魚肉、肝臟、腎臟、生殖腺及鰓五種組織與底泥樣品的總汞及有機汞濃度，此外，並測定魚肉及肝臟中的硒濃度。
結果顯示，安順鹼氯工廠海水貯存池中的底泥總汞和有機汞濃度（mg/kg乾重）分別為43.2±23.4及0.013±0.008；魚肉中的總汞、有機汞及硒濃度（mg/kg 濕重）分別為0.432±0.360、0.305±0.206及0.126±0.030，為典型鹼氯工業汞污染之測值。其中海鰱、四線雞魚、曳絲鑽嘴魚、漢氏綾鯷、短棘鰏、吳郭魚與環球海鰶等七種魚，在國人一般的食用海鮮習慣下即有汞攝入過量之虞。
魚肉中所含總汞及有機汞濃度皆呈現顯著的種別差異，明顯以肉食魚高於雜食及草食魚，魚肝及腎中的有機汞濃度同樣以肉食魚明顯較高，但總汞濃度卻以雜食魚高於肉食及草食魚。此外，魚肉和魚肝中的硒濃度亦存在顯著的種別差異，但與食性並無明顯的關聯。魚體組織間的差異，多以肝臟及腎臟較高，生殖腺及肌肉次之，鰓最低，而硒濃度均以肝臟高於肌肉。
吳郭魚在肝臟總汞濃度達10 mg/kg 濕重時，魚肉中的總汞濃度會驟降，並持續在0.4 mg/kg 濕重上下。吳郭魚肝臟中的無機汞與硒濃度皆隨體重增加而上升，但有機汞卻無此趨勢，並維持在較低值。
魚體組織中的高汞濃度，會影響魚體的健康指數。魚肉及魚肝中汞濃度的增加，在環球海鰶及虱目魚會呈現肝指數降低，而吳郭魚則是肥滿度指數下降。此外，更發現吳郭魚的魚肉、魚肝及生殖腺中的汞濃度達到一個閾值時，生殖腺指數會明顯低下。

The objectives of this study were to investigate the difference and interaction of mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) among fish species and tissues. In addition, by comparing with the detected concentrations in other regions, it would be possible to evaluate the pollution status. In the meanwhile, this study analyzed the edibility of the fish, the interaction between Hg and Se as well as their impacts on fish growth.
Ten species of fish, including tenpounder (Elops machnata), fourlined terapon (Pelates quadrilineatus), whipfin silverbiddy (Gerres filamentosus), common ponyfish (Leiognathus equulus), Hamilton''s thryssa (Thryssa hamiltonii), tilapia (Orechromis niloticus), western Pacific gizzard shad (Nematalosa come), large-scaled mullet (Liza macrolepis), flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus) and milkfish (Chanos chanos), and 20 sediment samples were collected from September to October of 2003 at the reservoir adjacent to a chlor-alkali plant, which had been abandoned for 22 years in Tainan City. Total mercury (THg) and organic mercury (OHg) concentrations were determined in fish muscles, livers, kidneys, gonads, gills and sediment samples. Besides, Se concentrations were also analyzed in fish muscles and livers.
Concentrations (mg/kg dry wt.) of THg and OHg in sediment were 43.2±23.4(mean±sd) and 0.013±0.008, respectively. THg, OHg and Se concentrations (mg/kg wet wt.) in fish muscles were 0.432±0.360, 0.305±0.206 and 0.126±0.030, similar to the concentrations in other chlor-alkali polluted regions. With the diet habit of Taiwanese, the Hg concentrations of muscles in the seven fish species exceeded the limit of Hg which was allowed to be consumed by humans.
THg and OHg concentrations in the fish muscles showed significant species difference. Obviously, the concentrations in carnivorous fishes were higher than those in omnivorous and herbivorous fishes. The OHg concentrations of fish livers and kidneys were highest in carnivorous fishes, but the THg concentrations were higher in omnivorous fishes than in that of carnivorous and herbivorous fishes. Besides, Se concentrations in fish muscles and livers also showed significant species difference, but did not show relation with the feeding habit of fishes. The Hg levels among fish tissues were highest in livers or kidneys, followed by gonads and muscles, lowest in gills. Generally speaking, Se levels were higher in livers than in muscles.
The liver THg concentrations of tilapia reached 10 mg/kg wet wt. Their muscle THg concentrations decreased suddenly and maintained at a level about 0.4 mg/kg wet wt. Meanwhile, the liver inorganic Hg and Se concentrations increased with fish weight, while the liver OHg concentrations did not show such a trend but stay at a low level.
High Hg concentrations in the fish tissues resulted in adverse effects on fish health. High Hg concentrations in muscles and livers caused heptasomatic index to decrease in western Pacific gizzard shad and milkfish, and condition factor declined in tilipia. Moreover, gonasomatic index remained low while the Hg concentrations of muscles, livers and gonads reached a threshold, which suggested that the growth of those fishes was likely inhibited in Hg polluted environment.

目錄
壹、前言--------------------------------------------------1
1.1 汞在自然界中之分佈------------------------------------1
1.2 汞對生物的毒害----------------------------------------1
1.3 鹼氯工業地區魚類的汞蓄積研究--------------------------2
1.4 研究目的----------------------------------------------6
貳、材料與方法--------------------------------------------7
2.1 採樣地點描述------------------------------------------7
2.2 樣品收集----------------------------------------------7
2.3 樣品前處理及參數測定----------------------------------8
2.3.1 魚類樣品前處理--------------------------------------8
2.3.2 肝指數、生殖腺、肥滿度指數及魚齡的計算--------------8
2.3.3 底泥樣品前處理--------------------------------------9
2.4 實驗器皿清洗程序--------------------------------------9
2.5 分析樣品的消化----------------------------------------9
2.5.1 總汞的消化及分析步驟--------------------------------9
2.5.2 有機汞的萃取及消化步驟-----------------------------10
2.5.3 硒的消化及分析步驟---------------------------------11
2.6 標準溶液配製-----------------------------------------13
2.7 實驗分析之品保(QA, Quality Assurance)和品管(QC, Quality Control)檢定-------------------------------------13
2.8 分析設備及儀器與樣品的偵測下限-----------------------13
2.9 數據處理與分析---------------------------------------14
參、結果-------------------------------------------------16
3.1 底泥的汞蓄積情形-------------------------------------16
3.2 魚類的基本生物資料-----------------------------------16
3.3 國際標準樣品查核結果---------------------------------19
3.4 魚體組織中汞與硒濃度之種別差異-----------------------19
3.4.1 肌肉中汞與硒濃度之種別差異-------------------------19
3.4.2 肝臟中汞與硒濃度之種別差異-------------------------21
3.4.3 腎臟中汞濃度之種別差異-----------------------------22
3.4.4 生殖腺中汞濃度之種別差異---------------------------23
3.4.5 鰓部中汞濃度之種別差異-----------------------------23
3.4.6 胃內容物中汞濃度之種別差異-------------------------24
3.5 同魚種體內汞及硒濃度的組織差異-----------------------25
3.5.1 海鰱-----------------------------------------------25
3.5.2 吳郭魚---------------------------------------------25
3.5.3 環球海鰶-------------------------------------------26
3.5.4 大鱗鮻---------------------------------------------26
3.5.5 烏魚-----------------------------------------------26
3.5.6 虱目魚---------------------------------------------27
3.6 魚體各組織中有機汞與總汞濃度之相關性-----------------27
3.6.1 海鰱-----------------------------------------------27
3.6.2 吳郭魚---------------------------------------------27
3.6.3 環球海鰶-------------------------------------------28
3.6.4 虱目魚---------------------------------------------28
3.7 魚體肌肉及肝臟中硒與汞濃度之交互關係-----------------28
3.7.1 海鰱-----------------------------------------------28
3.7.2 吳郭魚---------------------------------------------29
3.7.3 環球海鰶-------------------------------------------29
3.7.4 虱目魚---------------------------------------------29
3.8 同魚種肌肉與肝臟間相同元素的交互關係-----------------30
3.8.1 吳郭魚---------------------------------------------30
3.8.2 虱目魚---------------------------------------------30
3.9 魚體各組織中汞和硒濃度及有機汞比例與體長、體重之相關性----------------------------------------------------------31
3.9.1 海鰱-----------------------------------------------31
3.9.2 吳郭魚---------------------------------------------31
3.9.3 環球海鰶-------------------------------------------32
3.9.4 虱目魚---------------------------------------------32
3.10魚體肥滿度和肝指數與肌肉及肝臟中汞、硒濃度及有機汞比例間的相關性-----------------------------------------------33
3.10.1 海鰱----------------------------------------------33
3.10.2 吳郭魚--------------------------------------------33
3.10.3 環球海鰶------------------------------------------34
3.10.4 虱目魚--------------------------------------------34
3.11吳郭魚生殖腺指數與肌肉、肝臟及生殖腺中汞及硒濃度間的相關性-----------------------------------------------------35
肆、討論-------------------------------------------------36
4.1 與國外鹼氯工業污染區的底泥中測值之比較---------------36
4.2 與台灣其他地區的同種魚比較---------------------------37
4.3 與國外鹼氯工業污染區的魚體組織中測值之比較-----------37
4.4 食用安全性之探討-------------------------------------39
4.5 各組織中汞濃度之種別差異-----------------------------40
4.6 汞及硒蓄積濃度之組織差異-----------------------------42
4.7 魚體組織中的汞及硒蓄積濃度與體型之關係---------------45
4.8 汞與硒濃度之交互關係---------------------------------46
4.9 魚肉與魚肝中汞濃度之交互關係-------------------------48
4.10組織中的汞蓄積對魚體成長優劣的影響-------------------48
4.11組織中的汞蓄積對魚體生殖腺發育的影響-----------------50
伍、參考文獻---------------------------------------------51
表-------------------------------------------------------61
圖-------------------------------------------------------76
附錄----------------------------------------------------115

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