臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著網際網路的盛行及高容量儲存元件的出現，使數位化資訊之傳播及儲存變得既方便又快速。盜版者肆意地複製及分佈數位多媒體（影像、音訊、視訊等）嚴重的侵害到創作者之權利，因此如何保護創作者的智慧財產權變成重要之課題。數位浮水印技術（digital watermarking technique）能將資料隱藏於數位多媒體中，而隱藏的資料能明確的指出創作者或盜版者，以達到保護智慧財產權之目的。所以如何在盜版者使用各種不同攻擊方式下成功的取出創作者之浮水印是一非常重要之問題。據此，本文將攻擊模式分成故意式攻擊（intentional attacks）及信號式攻擊（signal attacks），以理論分析數位浮水印方法著手，繼之提出新的數位浮水印方法，以抵抗這兩種類型之攻擊。
近年來許多研究者探討之數位浮水印技術多著重在如何加入浮水印以對抗壓縮及加入雜訊之信號式攻擊。但較少考慮數位浮水印技術是否有邏輯或演算法上的漏洞，導致盜版者可以重覆宣稱所有權，或利用統計方法取出創作者之數位浮水印。這一類故意式攻擊中最有名的是 Yeung 對於現今數位浮水印技術利用還原工程的概念所提出的 SWICO（Single Watermarked Image Counterfeit Original）攻擊法，成功地偽造另一組數位浮水印，使創作者不能擁有合法的所有權。關於對抗 SWICO 攻擊法已經有了初步的結果，但由於的演算法的限制只能適用於偵測時需原圖的數位浮水印技術（private watermarking）。
在故意式攻擊方面，本論文先分析現今之數位浮水印系統，利用統計方法提出準差分（Quasi-Differential）攻擊法，成功地取出創作者之數位浮水印資訊，並加以破壞。為了對抗準差分攻擊法及SWICO 攻擊法，本文結合影像穩定特徵點、秘密金匙及數位浮水印這三個要素，創造出兩的不同的加入運算子（embedding operator）成功避免準差分攻擊並在對抗 SWICO 攻擊方面將適用範圍推廣至偵測時不需原圖的數位浮水印技術（public watermarking）。
在對抗信號式攻擊方面，本文將數位浮水印系統比擬成數位通訊系統，其中數位浮水印當成傳送之信號，而攻擊（例如：JPEG 壓縮）就是通道雜訊（channel noise），改變原來傳送之信號，導致浮水印偵測錯誤。而浮水印偵測的位元錯誤率（bit error rate 或簡寫成 BER）顯示系統之強韌性。一方面為了有效降低位元錯誤率，另一方面為了避免加入多餘之信號而影響到影像的不可視性，本文從最佳偵測理論（optimum detecting theory）出發，來分析位元錯誤率與信號強度的關係，在固定的位元錯誤率下明確地算出最佳的信號強度，這是一般數位浮水印系統中所不曾使用的理論分析。為了驗證所提出方法的可行性，我們以多張影像來測試我們的系統，藉著實驗的分析顯示，提出之方法系統確實能夠成功地降低位元錯誤率，而且其效果非常地好。
最後由實驗結果顯示本文所提出方法來對抗 JPEG 壓縮之位元錯誤率較一般數位浮水印技術低了的六倍，並且可以成功地避免 SWICO 攻擊及準差分攻擊法這兩種故意式攻擊。

As the Internet and storage equipment becomes more and more populous, the digital data can distribute easy. The pirate can copy digital multimedia (images, audio, and video) limitless. Therefore people concern more about the copyright protection for digital multimedia. Digital watermarking technique can hide data in multimedia indicate the data owner or recipient, it has been recently proposed as the mean for copyright protection of multimedia data. Therefore, it is a important problem that how to detect rightful ownerships under various attacks. Accordingly, in this thesis we classify attacks into intentional attacks and signal attacks, we analyze the watermark techniques in a theoretical point of view and propose new watermark system to avoid signal and intentional attacks.
A lot of researchers discussed how to embed a watermark in to image in order to against multimedia manipulations, for instance image compression and additive noise. However, they without really addressing the ends of watermarking schemes. The famous intentional attack proposed by M.M.Yeung. She engineered an attack method called SWICO (Single Watermark Image Counterfeit Original) that can allow multiple claims of right ownership in existing watermarking scheme. About against SWICO attack some algorithms are proposed, however, among these algorithms just apply in some watermarking scheme, which detect with original image.
In intentional attack, we proposed Quasi- Differential attack use statistics, that can tracks the marks in watermarked image. In order to avoid SWICO attack and Quasi-Differential attack we create two differential embedding operators by combining stable feature of image, user key, and watermarks. The proposed scheme can avoid Quasi-Differential attack and extend SWICO attack on general watermark system.
In signal attacks, we interpret the watermarking problem as digital communication problem. The watermarks are the transmission signal and signal attacks are the channel noise. The attack operators change the transmission signal in receiver. Probability of watermark detection error, bit error rate (BER), demonstrates the robustness of watermark technique. In order to reduce the BER and keep quality of watermarked images, we use optimum detecting theory to analyze watermarking system. The relationship between signal power and BER are definite in our study. It is a praiseworthy model in watermarking system. Experiment results shows that the BER of our method is excellent.
In this thesis, we present a new method of digital image watermarking. When we design the system, we considered not only the robust in signal attack and invisibly vector but also intentional attack operators such as SWICO and Quasi-Differential. The performance of our method is excellent. In signal attacks the BER to come down six times than general method. In intentional attacks our scheme can avoid SWICO and Quasi- Differential attack.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1
1.1 MOTIVATIONS1
1.1.1 Watermarking in Digital System1
1.1.2 General Watermarking Requirements of Copyright Protection2
1.1.3 Multiple Claims of Rightful Ownership in Watermarking3
1.1.4 Objectives4
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS4
CHAPTER 2 RELATED WORKS6
2.1 REVIEW OF PUBLIC WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES6
2.1.1 Kutter’s Digital Signature Method [31]7
2.1.2 Chang’s Watermarking Method [32]8
2.1.3 Retter’s Steganographic Method [33]9
2.2 MULTIPLE CLAIMS OF RIGHTFUL OWNERSHIP IN WATERMARKING [1][47][48]12
2.2.1 Definitions and Notation12
2.2.2 Invalidating Claims of Ownerships14
2.2.3 Multiple Claims in Point of Algebra18
2.2.4 Multiple Claims in Point of System19
2.2.5 Avoid SWICO Attacking in Private Watermarking20
2.2.6 Yeung’s Open Problem in Public Watermarking21
CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUND22
3.1 HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM [22]-[27]22
3.2.1 The Spatial Model24
3.2.2 The Frequency Model25
3.2 JPEG IMAGE COMPRESSION [51]-[54]26
CHAPTER 4 PROPOSED SYSTEM30
4.1 PROPOSE WATERMARKING SCHEME PROFILE31
4.1.1 Framework31
4.1.2 Definitions35
4.2 DETECTION THEORY FOR ERROR GUARANTEES BETWEEN DIFFERENT ATTACKS36
4.2.1 JPEG Efficient in Watermarking System37
4.2.2 Realization Error Guarantees under JPEG37
4.3 HVS LEAKY BUCKET48
4.4 APPLY RABIN’S HASH FUNCTION FOR WATERMARKING48
4.4.1 SWICO Attack49
4.4.2 Quasi-Differential Attack49
4.4.3 Correct Algorithm50
CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENT52
5.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP52
5.2 ERROR GUARANTEES UNDER DIFFERENT ATTACK54
5.3 PERFORMANCE TESTING62
5.4 WATERMARKED IMAGE68
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION69
6.1 MODELING SIGNAL ATTACK69
6.1.1 Simulated Scenes69
6.1.2 HVS Leaky Bucket69
6.2 INITIAL ATTACK COMPLEXITY70
6.3 INVISIBLE AND SIZE OF WATERMARKS71
6.4 PERFORMANCES COMPARE71
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION72

[1]Scott Craver, Nasir Memon, Boon-Lock Yeo, and Minerva M. Yeung, “Resolving Rightful Ownerships with Invisible Watermarking Techniques Limitations, Attacks, and Implications,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.16, pp.573-586, May 1998.
[2]Scott Craver, Boon-Lock Yeo, and Minerva Yeung, “Technical Trials and Legal Tribulations,” Communications of the ACM, vol.41, pp.45-54, July 1998,
[3] Minerva M. Yeung, “Digital Watermarking,” Communications of the ACM, vol.41, pp.31-33, July 1998.
[4] Ingemar J. Cox and Jean-Paul M.G. Linnartz, “Some General Methods for Tampering with Watermarks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.16, pp.587-593, May 1998.
[5] John M. Acken, “How Watermarking Adds Value to Digital Content,” Communications of the ACM, vol.41, pp.75-77, July 1998.
[6] Nasir Memon and Ping Wah Wong, “Protecting Digital Media Content,” Communications of the ACM, vol.41, pp.35-43, July 1998.
[7]S. Walton, “Image Authentication for a Slippery New Age,” Dr.Dobb’s Journal, vol.4. pp.18-26,82-87, 1995.
[8]W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, and A. Lu, “Techniques for data hiding,” IBM Syst. Journal, vol. 35, 1996.
[9]F. Johnson and S. Jajodia, “Exploring steganography: Seeing the un-seen,” IEEE Computer Mag., pp. 26—34, Feb. 1998.
[10] Hal Berghel, “Watermarking Cyberspace,” Communications of the ACM, vol.40, pp.19-24, Nov. 1997.
[11] Jian Zhao, Eckhard Koch, and Chenghui Luo, “In Business Today and Tomorrow,” Communications of the ACM, vol.41, pp.67-72, July 1998.
[12] Fred Mintzer, Gordan W. Braudaway, and Alan E. Bell, ”Opportunities for Watermarking Standards,” Communications of the ACM, vol.41, pp.57-64, July 1998.
[13]Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian and Tom Leighton, and Talal Shamoon, “Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol.6, pp.1673-1687, June 1997.
[14]Ingemar J. Cox, Matthew. Miller, and Andrew L. Mckellips, “Watermarking as Communications with Side Information,” Proceedings of The IEEE, vol.87, July 1999.
[15]Juan R. Hernandez and Fernando Perez-Gonzalez, “Statistical Analysis of Watermark Schemes for Copyright Protection of Image,” Proceeding of IEEE, vil.87, pp.1142-1166, July 1999.
[16]Christine I. Podilchuk and Wenjun Zeng, “Image-Adaptive Watermarking Using Visual Models,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.16, pp.525-539, May 1998.
[17]Raymond B. Wolfgang, Christine I. Podilchuk, and Edward J. Delp, “Perceptual Watermarks for Digital Images and Video,” Proceeding of IEEE, vol.87, pp.1108-1126, July 1999.
[18] Mitchell D. Swanson, Bin Zhu, and Ahmed H. Tewfik, “Multiresolution Scene-Based Video Watermarking Using Perceptual Models,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.16, pp.540-550, May 1998.
[19] Mitchell D. Swanson, Mei Kobayashi, and Ahmed H. Tewfik, “Multimedia Ddata-Embedding and Watermarking Technologies,” Proceeding of IEEE, vol.86, pp.1064-1086, June 1998.
[20]Jiwu Huang and Yun Q. Shi, “Adaptive image Wateermarking Scheme Base on Visual Masking,” IEE Electronics Letters, vol.34, pp748-750, Feb. 1998.
[21]S.W. Kimm, S. Suthaharan, H.K. Lee, and K.R. Rao,” Image Watermarking Scheme Using Visual model and BN Distribution,” IEE Electronics Letters, vol.35, pp212-214, Feb. 1998.
[22]Chun-Hsien Chou and Yun- Chin Li, “A Perceptually Tuned Subband Image Coder Based on the Measure of Just-Noticeable-Distortion Profile,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and System for Video Technology, vol.5, pp.467-476, Dec. 1995.
[23]James L. Mannos and David J. Sakrison, “The Effect of a Visual Fidelity Criterion on The Encoding of Image,” IEEE Trans. On Information Theory, vol.20, pp.525-536, July 1974.
[24]King n. Ngan, Kin S. Leonng, and H. Singh, “Adaptive Cosine transform Coding of Images in perceptual Domain,” IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol.37, pp.1743-1750, Nov. 1989.
[25]David L. MclLaren and D.Thong Nguyen, “Removal of Subjective redundancy from DCT-Coded Images,” IEE Proceedings, vol.138, pp.345-350, Oct. 1991.
[26]John W. Woods and Sean D. O’Nell, “Subband Coding of Images,” IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol.34, pp.1278-1288, Oct. 1986.
[27]Norman B. Nill “A Visual Model Weighted Cosine Transform for Image Compression and Quality Assessment,” IEEE Trans. on Communications, vol.33, pp.551-557, June 1985.
[28]R. G. van Schyndel, A. Z. Tirkel, and C. F. Osborne, “A Digital Watermark,” Proceedings, 1994 IEEE 1st International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'94), pp.86-90, Nov. 1994.
[29]Jack Lacy, Schuyler R. Quackenbush, Amy Reibman, and James H. Snyder, “Intellectual Property Protection Systems and Digital Watermarking,” Proceeding, 1998 2nd International Workshop on Information Hiding, April 1998.
[30]Joseph J. K. ORuanaidh, and Thierry Pun, “Rotation, Scale and Translation Invariant Spread Spectrum Digital Image Watermarking,” Signal Processing, vol.66, pp.303-317, May 1998.
[31]M. Kutter, F. Jordan, and F, Bossen, “Digital Signature of Color Images using Amplitude modulation,” Journal of Electronic Image , vol.7, pp.626-332, 1998.
[32]Min-Shiang Hwang, Chine-Chen Chang, and Kuo-Feng Hwang, “A Watermarking Technique Base on One-Way Hash Function,” IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol.45, pp.286-294, May 1999.
[33]Lisa M. Marvel, Charles G. Boncelet, and Charles T. Retter, “Spread Spectrum Image Steganography,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol.8, pp.1075-1083, Aug. 1999.
[34] Chiou-Ting Hsu and Ja-Ling Wu, “Hidden Digital Watermarks in Images,” IEEE Trans.on Image Processing, vol.8, pp.58-68, Jan. 1999.
[35]Chiou-Ting Hsu and Ja-Ling Wu, “DCT-based Watermarking for Video,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol.44, pp206-216, Feb. 1998.
[36]Chiou-Ting Hsu and Ja-Ling Wu, “Multiresolution Watermarking for Digital Images,” IEEE trans. on circuits and System, vol.45, pp.1097-1001, Aug. 1998.
[37]F. M. Boland, J. J. K. ORuanaidh, and C. Dautzenberg, “Watermarking Digital Images for Copyright Protection,” 5th International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications (IPA'95), pp.326-330, July 1995.
[38]J. J. K. ORuanaidh, W. J. Dowling and F. M. Boland, “Phase Watermarking of Digital Images,” Proceedings, 1996 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'96), pp.239-242, Sep. 1996.
[40]Jeffrey A. Bloom, Ingemar J. Cox, Ton Kalker, Jean-Paul M. G. Linnartz, and Matthew L. Miller, “Copy Protection for DVD Video,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.87, pp.1267-1276 July 1999.
[41]Benoit M. Macq, and Jean-Jacques Quisquater, “Cryptolgy for Digital TV Broadcasting,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.83, pp.944-957 June 1995.
[42]Keith Hill, “A Perspective: The Role of Identifiers in Managing and Protecting Intellectual Property in the Digital Age,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.87, pp.1228-1238 July 1999.
[43]Daniel Augot, Jean-Marc Boucqueau, Jean-Francois Delaigle, Caroline Fontaine, and Eddy Goray, “Secure Delivery of Images over Open Networks,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 87, pp.1251-1266 July 1999.
[44]George Voyatzis, and Ioannis Pitas, “The Use of Watermarks in the Protection of Digital Multimedia Products,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.87, pp.1197-1207 July 1999.
[45]Patrick Dymond, and Michael Jenkin, “WWW Distribution of Private Information with Watermarking,” pp.1-8, 1999.
[46]Wenjun Zeng, and Bede Liu, “A Statistical Watermark Detection Technique Without Using Original Images for Resolving Rightful Ownerships of Digital Images, ” pp.1534-1548, 1999 .
[47]J. R. Smith and B. O. Comiskey, “Modulation and information hiding in images, ” in Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on Information Hiding, Lecture Notes Comput. Sci., R. Anderson, Ed., vol. 1174, pp.207-226, 1996 .
[48]Fred Mintzer, Gordon W. Braudaway, and Minerva M. Yeung, “Effective and Ineffective Digital Watermarks,” Proceedings, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'97), pp.9-12, Oct. 1997.
[49]Scott Craver, Nasir Memon, Boon-Lock Yeo, and Minerva M. Yeung, “On the Invertibility of Invisible Watermarking Techniques,” Proceedings, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'97), pp.540-543, Oct. 1997.
[50]Minerva M. Yeung and Fred Mintzer, “An Invisible Watermarking Technique for Image Verification,” Proceedings, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'97), pp.680-683, Oct. 1997.
[51]Gregoey K. Wallace, “The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard,” IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol.38, 1992.
[52]Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing, ”Addison-Wesley, 1992.
[53]Rafael C. Gonzalez and Paul Wintz. “Digital Image Processing, ” Addison-Wesley, 2nd edition, 1987.
[54]William K. Pratt, “Digital Image Processing, ”, John Wiley and Sons, 2nd edition, 1991.
[55]N. Nikolaidis and I. Pitas. Robust image watermarking in the spatial domain. “Signal Processing, ” pp.385-403, May 1998.
[56]Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, Tom Leighton and Talal Shamoon, “A Secure Robust Watermark for Multimedia,” Proceeding, 1996 First International Workshop on Information Hiding, pp.185-206, May 1996.
[57]Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, Tom Leighton and Talal Shamoon, “A Secure Imperceptable yet Perceptually Salient, Spread Spectrum Watermark for Multimedia,” Proceedings, IEEE Southcon'96 , pp.192-197, June 1996.
[58]Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, Tom Leighton and Talal Shamoon, “Secure Spread Spectum Watermarking for Images, Audio, and Video,” Proceedings, 1996 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'96), pp.243-246, Sep. 1996.
[59]Ingemar J. Cox and Matt L. Miller, “A Review of Watermarking and the Importance of Perceptual Modeling,” Proceedings, Electronic Imaging'97, February. 1997.
[60]Ingemar J. Cox and Jean-Paul M.G. Linnartz, “Public Watermarks and Resistance to Tampering,” Proceedings, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP'97), Oct. 1997.