臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

大專院校舞蹈系學生身體意象、社會因素與
飲食失調之研究

摘要

本研究目的在於探討：一、不同背景因素之大專院校舞蹈系學生在身體意象、社會因素以及飲食失調的差異情形。二、大專院校舞蹈系學生之身體意象、社會因素與飲食失調的相關情形。三、身體意象、社會因素對大專院校舞蹈系學生之飲食失調的預測情形。本研究以立意取樣選取北、中、南七所大專院校舞蹈系456位在學學生為研究對象。研究工具包含身體意象量表、同儕、媒體及重要他人影響等社會因素量表及飲食態度量表。經資料處理所得結果如下：
一、以t考驗和單因子變異數分析後發現：(一)女舞者較男舞者關注體重問題、自覺體重分類偏重；受社會因素(同儕、媒體、重要他人)影響較高；且飲食失調的傾向皆高於男舞者。(二)不同舞齡僅在身體意象有差異存在；舞齡10年以上之舞者與舞齡10年以下之舞者相較之下，自覺體重偏重。(三)不同主修項目之舞者在身體意象、飲食失調沒有差異存在，僅在社會因素中「同儕影響」、「重要他人影響」有差異存在；主修現代之舞者經驗到同儕、重要他人負面體型評價的感受高於主修芭蕾及民族之舞者。(四)不同體型在身體意象、社會因素中之「同儕影響」以及飲食失調皆有差異存在；實際體型過重之舞者對體重問題較關注、受到同儕及媒體影響的程度高於實際體型過瘦之舞者；但體型過瘦之舞者在口腔控制行為高於體型肥胖之舞者。(五) 近一個月有減重之舞者對外表評價及身體各部位滿意度較低，其受到同儕、媒體影響以及節食、口腔控制的行為高於沒有減重者。
二、以皮爾遜積差相關考驗後發現：對外表評價較負向、
身體各部位滿意度愈低之舞者，受同儕、媒體、重要他人影響愈大，且飲食失調的機率也較高。
三、以多元逐步歸分析後發現：體重關注為飲食失調最有效預測變項。
根據本研究，所得結果有助於瞭解舞蹈系學生身體意象分佈概況，及其受社會因素影響和飲食失調傾向之情形，並提出建議作為有助於學校等教育單位及未來進一步研究之參考。

The Study of Body Image, Sociocultural Factors, and Eating Disorder among Dancing Department Students

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate: (1) The differences on body image, sociocultural factors, and eating disorder among dancing department students with different demographic variables. (2) The relationship among body image, sociocultural factors, and eating disorder. (3) The predictive utility of body image and sociocultural factors on eating disorder. Four hundred and fifty six of dancing department students from seven colleges were recruited to participate in this study. Participants were asked to complete Multi-dimensional Body-Self Relation Questionnaire (MBSRQ), and Eating Attitudes Test-26(EAT-26). The results were as follows:
1. The results of one-way ANOVA and T-test indicated that: (1) Females got higher scores on weight concern, perceived weight classification, sociocultural factor influences(peers, media, and significant others), and eating disorders.(2) There were differences on body image among four training period groups. Dancers whose training period was over 10 years got higher scores on perceived weight classification than those training period was less than 10 years.(3) There was no difference on body image and eating disorders among four different majors. However, there were differences on peer influences and significant others of socioculture factors. Dancers who majored in modern dance got higher scores on peer and significant others influences than those who majored in ballet and folk dance.(4) There were differences on body image, peer influences and eating disorders among four body type groups. Dancers who were out of standard weight got higher scores on weight concern, peer and media influences than those who were under the standard weight. However, dancers who were under the standard weight got higher scores on oral control than those who were out of the standard weight. (5) Dancers who lost weight in nearly month got higher scores on appearance evaluation, body part satisfaction, peer influence, media influence, diet and oral control than those who didn’t lose weight in nearly month.
2. The results of Pearson correlation indicated that body image and sociocultural factors negatively correlated with eating disorder behaviors.
3. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that eating disorders was positively predicted by weight concern.
Based on the findings of this study, suggestions for actual education settings and future directions were provided.

第 壹 章 緒 論
第一節 研究背景與動機------------------------------1
第二節 研究目的------------------------------------4
第三節 名詞解釋------------------------------------5
第四節 研究重要性----------------------------------7

第 貳 章 文獻探討

第一節 身體意象------------------------------------8
第二節 社會因素對身體意象之影響--------------------13
第三節 飲食失調------------------------------------18
第四節 身體意象、社會因素與飲食失調相關研究--------25
第五節 研究假設------------------------------------28

第 叁 章 研究方法

第一節 研究架構------------------------------------30
第二節 研究對象------------------------------------31
第三節 研究工具------------------------------------32
第四節 研究步驟------------------------------------46
第五節 資料處理------------------------------------47

第 肆 章 研究結果與分析

第一節 研究對象之描述性統分析------------------48
第二節 不同背景變項舞者在身體意象、社會因素與飲食失
調的差異情形----------------------------70

第三節 舞者之身體意象、社會因素與飲食失調的相關情形---80
第四節 舞者之身體意象、社會因素對飲食失調的預測情形---84

第 伍 章 討論
第一節　　　不同背景變項在身體意象、社會因素與飲食失調
差異情形------------------------------------89

第二節 舞者之身體意象、社會因素與飲食失調的相關情形------93
第三節 舞者之身體意象、社會因素對飲食失調的預測情形------95


第 陸 章 結論與建議

第一節 結論------------------------------------ 97
第二節 建議----------------------------------- 101

參考文獻

　中文部份-----------------------------------------------103
　英文部分-----------------------------------------------105

附錄

附錄一 預試問卷-------------------------------------115
附錄二 正式問卷-------------------------------------123

參考文獻
中文部份
王麗娟(2004年9月18日)。芭蕾女伶「胖」到被開除。聯合報，A5。
尤嫣嫣(2001)。大學生體形及其身體意象相關因素之研究─以中原大學新生為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文。
王麗瓊(2001)。國中生身體意象之相關因素分析研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系在職進修碩士班碩士論文。
伍連女(1998)。台北市高職學生身體意象與運動行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所論文。
李曉蓉(1997)。青少年身體意象與自尊、沮喪相關之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
余玉眉(1975)。身體心像。護理雜誌，22 (4)，39-46。
何恭上(1991)。美妙的芭蕾。台北：藝術圖書。
沈淑貞、姚承義(1997)。女性芭蕾舞者體形與身體組成之探討。體育學報，24 (12)，181-192。
林宜親(1998)。青少年身體意象與節制飲食行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
林碧芬(1998)。大學生節食行為與父母飲食教養行為及其相關因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
邱政皓(2000)。社會行為科學的量化研究與統計分析。台北：五南。
周玉真(1992)。青少年身體意象、自我概念與同儕關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
孫家瑞、馮煥光(1996)。厭食症和暴食症的診斷與治療。國防醫學，23 (4)，338-342。
陳玉欣(1999)。國中生飲食行為及相關因子的流行病學研究。國立台灣大學公共衛生學院流行病學研究所碩士論文。
陳詩雲(2004)。父權社會下女性芭蕾舞者角色之研究。國立台灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
莊文芳(1998)。影響台北市青少年對身體意象認知相關因素之探討。國立陽明大學衛生福利研究所碩士論文。
許玉雲(1999)。身體心像概念分析。護理雜誌，46(6)，103-106。
張春興(1989)。張氏心理學辭典。台北市：東華書局。
郭為藩(1996)。自我心理學。台北市：師大書苑。
郭靜如(2000)。國小六年級學童之身體意象∼以一個班級為例之質性研究。國立台東師範學院教育研究所碩士論文。
曾美智(1998)。飲食疾患-厭食症和暴食症。心身醫學雜誌，2(1)，2-12。
曾美智、李明濱(1991)。厭食症與暴食症。當代醫學，18，74-80。
曾媚美(2001)。舞者身體組成之研究。國立台灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
賈文玲(2001)。青少年身體意象與自尊及社會因素之相關研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
葉素汝(2004)。舞蹈系學生的體重期望落差∼身體形象、完美主義與飲食態度的關係探討。慈濟技術學院教師學術著作。
馮靖評(2003)。優美之代價-論歸訓下芭蕾舞者的性別化型式。南華大學美學與藝術管理研究所碩士論文。
鄭美瓊(2002)。某大學女生外表吸引力知覺與塑身美容行為之研究。國立台灣示範大學衛生教育研究所。
趙瑞雯(1996)。高中生體形意識，健康控握與飲食行為間之關係研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
賴玉釧(2001)。青少年體操選手營養、生理及生化狀況之探討。台北醫學大學保健營養學研究所碩士論文。
賴靖薇(2002)。青少年異常飲食行為傾向與內外控人格特質之相關研究。國立陽明大學社區護理研究所碩士論文。
羅惠丹(2004)。某技術學院身體意象與社會文化因素對體重控制行為之研究。國立師範大學衛生教育研究所。
蕭芳惠(1998)。台北市高中女生的體形意識及飲食異常傾向之研究。衛生教育學報，11期，107-127。

英文部分
Abraham, S. (1996). Characteristics of eating disorders among
young ballet dancers. Psychopathology, 29, 223-229.
Abraham, S. (1996). Eating and weight controlling behaviors of young ballet dancers. Psychopathology, 29, 218-222.
Adair, C. (1992).Women and dance. London: Macmillan, 17.
American Psychiatric Association.(1994). Diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed(DSM-IV). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association,26-48.
Anshel, M. H. (2004).Sources of disordered eating patterns between ballet dancers and non-dancers. Journal of sport behavior, 27(2),115-133.
Allison(1995).Handbook of assessmentm methods for eating behaviors and weight-related problems. Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE. Publication.
Bettle, N., & Bettle, O., (2001).Body image and self-esteem in adolescent ballet dancers. Perceptual and Motor Skill, 93, 297-309.
Bettle, N., Bettle, O., Neumarker, U., & Neumarker, K-J. (1998). Adolescent ballet school student: their quest for body weight change.Psychopathology, 31, 153-159.
Bonbright, J. M.(1990).Physiological and nutritional concern in dance.The Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance, 61,11-12,35-37.
Brooks-Gunn, J., Warren, M., & Hamilton, L. (1987). The relation of eating problems and amenorrhea in ballet dancers. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 19, 41-44.
Cash, T. F. (1990). The psychology of physical appearance: Aesthetics, attributes, and images. In T.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky(Eds), Body Images: Development, deviance, and change (51-79). New York: Guilford Press.
Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Body images: development, deviance and chang. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (2002).Body image: A handbook of theory, reseaech, and clinical practice. New York: The Guilford Press.
Chmelar, Robin D., (1988). Body composition and the comparison of measurement techniques in different levels and styles of dancers. Dance Research Journal, 20(1), 37-41.
Clough, M., Wilson, B. (1993). The relationship between eating disorder characteristics and perfectionism among 22 dance student 17-21 years.Sport Health, 11, 5-8.
Cok, F. (1990).Body image satisfaction in Turkish adolescents. Adolescence, (98), 409-413.
Davis, C., & Cowles, M.(1989). A comparison of weight and diet concerns and personality factors among female athletes and nonathletes .Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33(5), 527-536.
Dunkley, T. K., Wertheim, E. H., & Paxton, S. J. (2001). Examination of a model of multiple sociocultural influces on adolescent girl’s body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint. Adolescence, 36(142), 265-279.
Druss, R., & Silverman, J.,(1979).Body image and perfectionism of ballerinas: Comparison and contrast with anorexia nervosa. Gerneral Hospital Psychiatry, 1, 115-121.
Fairburn, C. G. & Walsh, B. T.(1995).Atypical eating disorders. Eating disorders and obesity. Ed by Brownell K. D. & Fairburn, C. G. NY: Guiford.
Ferron, .(1997).Body image in adolescence: cross-cultural research-result of the preliminary phase of a questitative survey. Adolescent, 32(127), 735-745.
Field, A. E., Camargo, C. A. Jr., Taylor, C.B. Berkcy, C.S., & Colditz G.A. (1999) Relation of peer and media influences to the development of purging behavior among preadolescent and adolescent girls. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(11), 184-189.
Field, A. E., Cheung, L., Wolf, A. M., Herzog, D. B., Gortmarker S. L., & Colditz G. A. (1999).Exposure to the mass media and weight concern among girls. Pediatrics, 103(3), E36.
Follon, A.(1990). Culture in the murror: Sociocultural determinants of body image.In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky(Eds), Body image: development, deviance, and change (p80-109). New yprk: Guilford Press.
Fomonne, E. (1995). Anorexia nervosa. No evidence of an increase. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 462-471.
Foryth, S. & Kolenda, P. (1970).Sociology of art and literature. New York: Prager Pubo.
Garner D. M. & Garfinkel P. E. (1979).The eating attitudes test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9, 273-279.
Garner D. M. & Garfinkel P. E. (1980).Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 10, 647-656.
Garner D. M. & Garfinkel P. E., Schwartz, D. & Thompson, M. (1980). Cultural expextations of thiness in woman. Psychological Reports, 47, 483-491.
Garner D. M., Olmstead, M. P., Bohr, Y. & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The eating attitudes test: Psychometric festures and clinical correlates. Psychometric Medicine, 12,871-878.
Garner D. M., Olmstead, M. P. & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2,15-34.
Grogan, S. (1999).Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men ,women and children, London: Routledge.
Goldbery, S. C., Halmi, K. A., Eckert, E. D., Casper, R. C., Davis, J. M. &Roper, M. (1980). Jouranl of Psychiatric Research , 15, 239-251.
Gordon, S. (1983).The real world of ballet: off balance. New York: Pantheon,158.
Harrison, K. & Cantor, J., (1997).The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. Journal of Communication, 47, 40-67.
Halmi, K. A., Falk, J. R. & Schwartz, E. (1981). Binge-eating and vomiting: A survey of a college population. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 1001-1003.
Hamilton, L., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. (1985). Sociocultural influences on eating disorders in professional female dancers. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 4, 465-477.
Hamilton, L., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. (1986).Nutritional intake of female dancers: A reflection of eating problems. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 925-934.
Hamilton, K. & Waller, G., (1993).Media influences on body size estimation in anorexia and bulimia: an experimental study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 837-840.
Hausenblas H. A., & Carron, A. V. (1999). Eating disorder indices and athletes: An integration. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 230-258.
Hawkins, R. C. & Clement, P. E. (1980). Development and construct validation of a self-report measure of binge-eating technigues. Attictive Behaviors, 15, 219-226.
Heinberg, L. J. & Thompson, J, K, (1992).Social comparison: Gender, target importance ratings, relation to body image disturbance. Journal of Social behavior and Personality, 7, 355-344.
Heinberg, L. J. & Thompson, J. K., (1995). Body image and televised image of thinness and attractiveness:A controlled laboratory investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 325-338.
Hergenroeder, A., Fiorotto, M., & Klish, W. (1991). Body composition in ballet dancers measured by total body electrical conductivity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23,528-533.
Holderness, C., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. (1994). Eating disorders and substance abuse: A dancing versus a nondancing population. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 26, 297-302.
Jargiulo, G., Ilana A., J. B-G., Michelle, P. W., (1987). Girls’ dating behavior as a function of social context maturation. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 730-737.
Judd L. J. (2000). A study of the factors that influence body image of female advanced dance students in selected Utah High Schools. Microform Publication, University of Oregon.
Kenneth R. F.(1997).The physical self:From motivation to well-being. University of Exeter.
Levine, M. P., Smolak, L., & Hayden, H., (1994a).The relation of sociocultural factors to eating attitudes and behavior among middle school girls. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 471-490.
Ledoux, S., Choquet, M., & Manfredi, R. (1993). Associated factors for self-reported binge eating among male and female adolescents.Journal of Adolescense, 16, 75-91.
McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Socioculturre Influences on body image and body changes adolescent bodys and girls. The Journal of Social Psychology. 143(1), 5-26.
Montanari, A. & Zietkiewcz, E. A. (2000).Adolescent south african ballet dancers. South African Journal of Psychology, 30(21), 31-35.
Myers, P. N. & biocca, F.A. (1992). The elastic body image: The effect of television advertisting and programming on body image distortion in young women. Journal of Communication, 42(3), 108-133.
Neumarker, K. J.,Bettle, N.,Bettle, O.,Dudeck, U., & Neumarker, U.(1998). The eating attitudes test: Comparative analysis of female and male students at the public ballet school of Berlin. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(1), 19-23.
Neumarker K-J., Bettle, N., Neumarker, U. & Bettle, O. (2000).Age-and gender-related psychological characteristics of adolescent ballet dancers. Psychopathology, 33, 137-142.
O’Dea Jennifer (2002).The new self-esteem approach for the prevention of body image and eating problems in children and adolescents. Healthy Weight Journal, 16(6), 89-93.
Paxton, S. J., Schutz, H. K., Werthim E. H. & Muir, S. L. (1999). Friendship clique and peer influence on body image concerns, dietary restraint, extreme weight-loss behavior, and binge eating in adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(2), 255-266.
Pierce, E. F. & Daleng, M. L. (1998).Distortion of body image among elite female dancers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 769-770.
Pierce, E. F., Daleng, M. L., & McGoWan, R. W. (1993).Scores on exercise dependence among dancers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 531-535.
Polivy, J. & Peter Herman, C. (2002).Causes of eating disorders. Annual Review Psychology, 53, 187-213.
Rhea, D. J. (1998).Physical activity and body image of female adolescents. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 69(5), 27-31.
Ryan, J. (1995). Little girls in pretty boxes. New York: Doubleday.
Robert-McCOMB, J. J. (2001).Eating disorders in women and children: Prevention, stress, management, and treatment. New York: CRC Press.
Rollsand, L. W., Fedoroff, I. C., & Guthrie, J. F. (1991). Gender differences in eating behavior and body weight regulation. Health Psychology, 10(2), 133-142.
Schilder, P. (1935). The image and appearance of the human body: Study in the constructive energies of psyche. London: Kegan Paul.
Schwartz, D. M., Thompson, M. G. & Johnson, C. L. (1982).Anorexia nervosa and bulimia: The socio-cultural context. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1, 20-36.
Shaw, J. & Waller, C., (1995).The media’s impact on body image: implications for prevention and treatment. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 3, 8-19.
Slade, P. D. (1994). What is body image? Behavior Research and Therapy, 32,497-502.
Slade, P. D. & Dewey, M. E. (1987). Development and preliminary validation of SCANS: A screening instrument for identifying individuals at risk of developing anorexia and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 517-538.
Slade, P. D. & Russell, G. F. M. (1973). Experimantal investigations of bodily perceptions in anorexia and obesity. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 359-363.
Stice, E., Schupak-Neuberg, E., Shaw, H. E., & Stein, R. I. (1994).Relation of media exposure to eating symptomatology : An examination of mediating mechanism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 13(4), 836-840.
Stice, E. & Shaw, H. E., (1994).Adverse effects of media-portrayed thin ideal in women and linkages to bulimic symptomatology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 288-308.
Szmukler, G. I. & Patton, G. (1994).Sociocultural models of eating disorders. In G.Szmukler, C. Dare & J. Treasure (Eds.). Handbook of eating disorders: Theory, treatment and research. (pp.177-194). NY : John Wiley & Sons.
Thompson, J. K. (1990).Body image disturbance: Assessment and treatment. New York: Pergamon Press.
Thornton, B. & Maurice, J., (1997).Physique contrast effect: adverse impact of idealized body image for women. Sex Roles, 37, 433-439.
Vadocz, B. A., (1999). The psychobiological profile of competitive female figure skaters. University of Oregon.
Vincent, L. M. (1979). Competing with the sylph: Dancers and the pursuit of the ideal body Form. Kansas City: Andrew and McMeel.
Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., Schutz H. K., & Muir S. L. (1997).Why do adolescent girls watch their weight ? An interview examing socioltural pressures to be thin. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42(4), 345-355.
Wright, M. R. (1989).Body image satisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(1), 71-83.