臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要
本研究首先將台中市黎明污水場終沉池污泥取回處理後，先以血清瓶批次培養的方式找出較適合之培養溫度，結果以35~40℃較佳。在基質濃度方面，首先以Endo所發表的厭氧消化配方為控制組，改變基質之緩衝鹽類與無機鹽類濃度，結果顯示，仍以Endo的原配方較佳。最後探討基質碳源之產氫動力學，發現蔗糖與葡萄糖皆有些許基質抑制的情形發生，而果糖則否。再以傳統的CSTR生化反應器進行連續式產氫醱酵，並分別以蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖為其基質碳源，隨著HRT的降低，產氣及產氫速率皆呈現上升的趨勢，產氫效果以果糖最佳、蔗糖次之、葡萄糖最差。而在操作於HRT = 4~2h時，皆發生了洗出的現象，導致槽內菌量以及產氫速率大幅下降。有鑑於此，為了能進一步提升CSTR生化反應器之產氫效能，故在出口端加裝中空纖維微過濾膜組來回收菌體，避免洗出的情形發生。另外，由於葡萄糖醱酵之產酸速度較蔗糖、果糖醱酵快，必須要控制槽內之pH，才不會有抑制產氫菌而形成高產氣速率、低產氫速率的情形發生。在加裝中空纖維後，也以蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖為基質碳源進行連續式產氫醱酵，效果則仍以果糖最佳、葡萄糖次之、蔗糖最差。於果糖醱酵時，對槽內菌量而言，加裝中空纖維前最高為4 g/L(HRT=12 h)，加裝後提升至8 g/L(HRT=1 h)；最高產氫速率也由837 ml/h/L(HRT=4 h)大幅提升至3092 ml/h/L(HRT=1 h)。

Abstract
Acclimated sewage sludge originated from Taichung Li-Ming wastewater treatment plant was examined for its ability to produce hydrogen as from sugar substrates (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) in batch and CSTR bioreactors. The effect of substrate concentration and HRT was investigated. In hydrogen fermentation, hollow-fiber microfiltration modules were incorporated with traditional CSTR processes to avoid wash-out effect at low HRT. The results show that wash-out happened when the traditional CSTR was operated at HRT=2 ~ 4 h, leading to a decrease in biomass concentratiobn and hydrogen generation rate. When the CSTR was combined with hollow-fiber microfiltration, the biomass concentration was maintained at high levels at low HRTs. Fructose was found to be the most efficient substrate for hydrogen fermentation, followed by sucrose and glucose. It was found that fermentation with glucose caused rapid acid formation to inhibit hydrogen production. The maximum hydrogen generation rate obtained from traditional CSTR bioreactor using fructose as carbon source was ca. 837 ml/h/L. After combining the hollow-fiber microfiltration module, the biomass concentration increased two folds (from 4 g/L to 8 g/L) and the maximum hydrogen generation rate increased to ca. 3092 ml/h/L.

目錄
目錄 ……………………………………………………………………...I
表目錄…………………………………………………………………..Ⅱ
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………..Ⅲ
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………..1
1-1前言…………………………………………………………………1
1-2研究動機與目的……………………………………………………2
第二章 文獻回顧與原理……………………………………………….4
2-1厭氧處理法的基本原理……………………………………………4
2-1-1前言………………………………...…………………………4
2-1-2影響厭氧消化作用之因素…………………………………...7
2-1-2-1溫度之影響………………………………………………..7
2-1-2-2消化時間之影響……………………………………………7
2-1-2-3攪拌之影響…………………………………………………8
2-1-2-4有機物負荷之影響…………………………………………8
2-1-2-5 pH之影響…………………………………………………..9
2-1-2-6無機營養鹽與毒性物質之影響……………………………9
2-2產氫菌種Clostridium之特性........................................9
2-2-1激活…………………………………………………….11
2-2-2萌發孢子…………………..…………………………..12
2-2-3生出菌體……………………………………………….12
2-2-4厭氣產氫醱酵代謝途徑……………………………….13
2-3生化反應器………………………………………………….14
2-3-1何謂生化反應器……………………………..………...14
2-3-2生化反應器之優點…………………………………….14
2-3-3影響生化反應器的操作因素………………………...15
2-4中空纖維微過濾膜組……………………………………………..17
2-4-1中空纖維微過濾膜組之簡介………………………………...17
2-4-2流體在膜面上的流向對過濾效果的影響…………………...17
2-4-3濾速之影響因素……………………………………………...19
2-4-3-1透膜壓差…………………………………………………..19
2-4-3-2溫度的影響………………………………………………..19
2-4-3-3進料濃度之影響…………………………………………..20
2-4-3-4掃流速度之影響…………………………………………..20
2-4-4提高濾速之應變方法………………………………………...20
2-4-4-1提高濾速之應變方法……………………………………..20
2-4-4-2薄膜的改良………………………………………………..21
2-4-4-3適時清洗薄膜……………………………………………..21
2-4-4-4模組與操作程序之改良…………………………………..22
2-4-5過濾膜分類…………………………………………………...22
2-4-6微過濾系統在工業上之應用………………………………...23
2-4-7本實驗所使用的中空纖維微過濾模組之介紹……………...23
2-5氫氣的儲存與運輸…………………………………………25
第三章 實驗器材與方法………………………………………………27
3-1藥品試劑與培養基…………………………………………………27
3-1-1藥品試劑與培養基…………………………………………...27
3-1-2緩衝鹽類……………………………………………………...27
3-1-3無機鹽類……………………………………………………...27
3-1-4其它…………………………………………………………...28
3-2培養基濃度………………………………………………………..28
3-3使用污泥介紹……………………………………………………..28
3-4分析儀器及方法…………………………………………………29
3-4-1氣體組成分析………………………………………………...29
3-4-2液體組成分析………………………………………………...30
3-4-3菌量分析……………………………………………………...31
3-5批次產氫實驗儀器裝置與操作方法……………………………..31
3-5-1使用儀器與材料……………………………………………...31
3-5-2不同培養溫度之實驗操作步驟……………………………...32
3-5-3緩衝鹽類稀釋5倍之實驗操作步驟………………………...33
3-5-4緩衝鹽類稀釋10倍之實驗操作步驟……………………….33
3-5-5無機鹽類稀釋10倍之實驗操作步驟……………………….34
3-5-6市售與試藥級蔗糖產氫效能探討之實驗步驟……………...34
3-5-7以蔗糖為基質碳源之動力學探討操作步驟………………...34
3-5-8以果糖為基質碳源之動力學探討操作步驟………………...35
3-5-9以葡萄糖為基質碳源之動力學探討操作步驟……………...35
3-5-10批次產氫實驗注意事項…………………………………...…35
3-6連續式產氫實驗儀器裝置與方法………………………………..36
3-6-1實驗儀器…………………………………………………...…36
3-6-2以蔗糖為基質碳源之連續式實驗操作步驟……………...…38
3-6-3以果糖為基質碳源之連續式實驗操作步驟……………..….39
3-6-3-1基質碳源濃度13333 mgCOD/L之連續式產氫醱酵…...39
3-6-3-2基質碳源濃度20000 mgCOD/L之連續式產氫醱酵…...39
3-6-4以葡萄糖為基質碳源之連續式實驗操作步驟……………...39
3-6-5連續式產氫醱酵之注意事項……………………………...…40
3-7結合中空纖維之連續式產氫實驗裝置與操作方法…………..…40
3-7-1實驗儀器……………………………………………………...40
3-7-2低膜面速率 (1L/min)之中空纖維連續式操作步驟
(以蔗糖為基質碳源)…………………………………………43
3-7-3高膜面速率(6L/min)之中空纖維連續式操作步驟
(以蔗糖為基質碳源)…………………………………………44
3-7-4高膜面速率(6L/min)之中空纖維連續式操作步驟
(以果糖為基質碳源)…………………………………………45
3-7-5高膜速率(6L/min)之中空纖維連續式操作步驟
(以葡萄糖為基質碳源)………………………………………45
3-7-6連續式加裝中空纖維膜組之注意事項..……………………...45
第四章 結果與討論………………………………………………...…47
4-1批次產氫搖瓶實驗…………………………………………..……47
4-1-1不同培養溫度對產氫之影響………………………………...47
4-1-2將緩衝鹽類稀釋5倍及10倍對產氫影響之比較……….…47
4-1-3無機鹽類對產氫能力之影響……………………………...…51
4-1-4市售蔗糖與試藥級蔗糖對產氫之影響……………………51
4-1-5以不同基質碳源之產氫動力學…………………………...…54
4-1-5-1以蔗糖為基質碳源……………………………………..…54
4-1-5-2以果糖為基質碳源……………………………………..…54
4-1-5-3以葡萄糖為基質碳源…………………………………..…54
4-2以蔗糖為基質碳源之反應器實驗……………………………..…57
4-2-1連續式產氫醱酵實驗………………………………………...57
4-2-2連續式產氫醱酵加裝中空纖維實驗
(低膜面速率(1L/min))……………………………..…………58
4-2-3連續式產氫醱酵加裝中空纖維實驗
(高膜面速率(6L/min))………………………………………..60
4-3以果糖為基質碳源之反應器實驗………………………………..64
4-3-1連續式產氫醱酵實驗………………………………………...64
4-3-2連續式產氫醱酵加裝中空纖維實驗
(高膜面速率(6L/min))………………………………...…...…64
4-3-3不同碳源濃度之連續式產氫醱酵實驗比較………………...65
4-4以葡萄糖為基質碳源之反應器實驗…………………………..…70
4-4-1連續式產氫醱酵實驗………………………………………...70
4-4-2連續式產氫醱酵加裝中空纖維實驗
(高膜面速率(6L/min))……………...………………………...70
4-4-3探討產氫濃度過低原因之實驗……………………………...71
4-4-4總結…………………………………………………………...75
第五章結論…………………………………………………………...77
參考文獻…………………………………………………………78
表目錄
表2-1過濾膜的分類…………………………………………...……22
表3-1 Endo厭氧消化配方…………………………………….....…28
表4-1 不同基質碳源之合併中空纖維連續式產氫醱酵比較表.......75
表4-2 不同基質碳源之未加裝中空纖維連續式產氫醱酵比較表...76
























圖目錄
圖2-1厭氧分解程序圖……………………………………………….5
圖2-2 厭氧醱酵路徑圖...................................................13
圖2-3 傳統式過濾法…………………………………………….…..18
圖2-4掃流式過濾法………………………………………………...18
圖2-5本研究所使用之中空纖維膜組側視圖……………………...24
圖3-1批次產氫實驗裝置圖………………………………………...32
圖3-2連續式產氫實驗裝置圖……………………………………...37
圖3-3結合中空纖維之連續式產氫實驗裝置圖…………………...42
圖4-1不同培養溫度對產氫之影響………………………………...48
圖4-2緩衝鹽類稀釋5倍之影響…………………………………...49
圖4-3 緩衝鹽類稀釋10倍之影響…………………………….……50
圖4-4無機鹽類稀釋10倍之影響…………………………….……52
圖4-5市售蔗糖與試藥級蔗糖產氫效能之比較…………………...53
圖4-6以蔗糖為基質碳源之動力學………………………………...55
圖4-7以果糖為基質碳源之動力學………………………………...56
圖4-8以葡萄糖為基質碳源之動力學……………………………...57
圖4-9以蔗糖為基質碳源之連續式產氫醱酵……………………...61

圖4-10以蔗糖為基質碳源之加裝中空纖維連續式產氫醱酵
(低膜面速率 (1L/min)).............................………………….62
圖4-11以蔗糖為基質碳源之加裝中空纖維連續式產氫醱酵
(高膜面速率 (6L/min))......................................................…63
圖4-12以果糖為基質碳源(20000 mgCOD/L)之連續式產氫醱酵
….……………………………………………………………..67
圖4-13以果糖為基質碳源之加裝中空纖維連續式產氫醱酵
(高膜面速率(6L/min)、20000 mgCOD/L)....................…….68
圖4-14以果糖為基質碳源(13333 mgCOD/L)之連續式產氫醱酵
………………………………………………………..……….69
圖4-15以葡萄糖為基質碳源之連續式產氫醱酵…………………...72
圖4-16以葡萄糖為基質碳源之加裝中空纖維連續式產氫醱酵
(高膜面速率(6L/min))………………..…………...………....73
圖4-17探討以葡萄糖為基質碳源之加裝中空纖維連續式醱酵產氫濃度過低試驗圖……………………………………….……..74

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