臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要
本試驗目的主要是分析藍頸、黑頸和紅頸鴕鳥血液蛋白態樣，估算其對偶基因頻率在品種間的差異，來比較鴕鳥品種間的遺傳組成變異性。同時也對鴕鳥與鴯、白色中國鵝血清中特定蛋白質態樣做一比較。由Titan gel血清蛋白分析結果發現藍頸、黑頸、紅頸三個品種鴕鳥的血清蛋白間並無顯著差異(P>0.05)；鴕鳥性別間的白蛋白及α-球蛋白比例間有顯著差異存在(P<0.05)；鴕鳥及鴯分別與白色中國鵝的前白蛋白及β-球蛋白具有顯著差異(P<0.05)；另外鴕鳥的白蛋白及γ-球蛋白均分別與白色中國鵝具有顯著差異(P<0.05)，鴕鳥的α-球蛋白與鴯並無顯著差異(P>0.05)，但明顯較白色中國鵝為高(P<0.05)。鴕鳥血清中乳酸去氫為具有5條環帶之態樣。鴕鳥血清中磷酸肌酸激（CPK）之態樣，為CPK3 (MM)濃度高於CPK2 (MB)，但未出現CPK1 (BB)的環帶。鴕鳥、鴯與白色中國鵝的乳酸去氫及磷酸肌酸激態樣於膠片上皆可看出種別間具有差異。以聚丙烯醯膠體電泳法分析鴕鳥血清蛋白型及以醋酸纖維電泳法分析鴕鳥血紅素型，其結果顯示血清中前白蛋白及白蛋白在藍頸、黑頸、紅頸鴕鳥中具多態性，但運鐵蛋白及血紅素型則不具多態性。三種鴕鳥的多態性基因座比例均為0.67，顯示此三個品種未經嚴格的選育，使得遺傳變異性大。三種鴕鳥的有效基因座數目(2.0±0.6)頗高，此現象可推論這些基因座中之各對偶基因為逢機選育。藍頸、黑頸、紅頸三種鴕鳥前白蛋白(0.44~0.62)之異質結合率較白蛋白(0.16~0.24)為高，可知鴕鳥前白蛋白的基因座變異性較大。藍頸、黑頸、紅頸鴕鳥的平均異質結合率皆頗高，其可能為鴕鳥皆為雜交育成的品種，因此造成異型雜合子增加之故，此結果與鴕鳥的選育過程相符合。

英文摘要
Studies on the Blood Groups of Serum Proteins and Hemologlobin in Ostrich
Shu-Lin Liu
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the blood protein patterns of blue neck, black neck and red neck ostriches. Through estimating differences of the allele frequency between various breeds, the study compared the varieties of hereditary forms between different breeds of ostriches. The study also compared the particular serum protein patterns of ostriches, emus and White Chinese geese. The results of Titan gel serum protein analysis showed: The level of serum protein of blue neck, black neck and red neck ostriches does not have significant differences (P>0.05). The percentages of albumin and α-globulin between male and female ostriches differ significantly (P<0.05). The pre-albumin and β-globulin of White Chinese geese significantly differ from ostriches and emus (P<0.05). The albumin and γ-globulin of ostriches and White Chinese geese differ significantly (P<0.05). The α-globulin of ostriches does not differ significantly from emus (P>0.05), but it is obviously higher than that of White Chinese geese (P<0.05). The pattern of lactate dehydrogenase in ostrich serum has five bands. The pattern of creatine phosphokinase in ostrich serum is CPK3 (MM) whose concentration is higher than CPK2 (MB) but does not have CPK1 (BB) bands. Ostrich, emu and White Chinese goose lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase patterns are different. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to analyze the patterns of protein in ostrich serum and using cellulose acetate electrophoresis to analyze ostrich hemoglobin type, the results showed that the pre-albumin and albumin in blue neck, black neck and red neck ostrich serum have polymorphism while their transferrin and hemoglobin do not. The proportion of polymorphic loci of the three breeds of ostriches is the same (0.67). The result showed that the process of breeding was not strict, so the variety of heredity is significant. The number of effective loci of the three breeds of ostriches is higher than average (2.00±0.6). From this, it can be inferred that the allele of loci was randomly selected. The heterozygosity of pre-albumin in the three breeds of ostriches is higher than albumin (0.44~0.62 compared to 0.16~0.24). This showed that the variety of loci of the pre-albumin is great in ostriches. The mean of heterozygosity in the three breeds of ostriches is higher than average, and the cause might be that the ostriches are hybrids. The result matches the process of breeding ostriches.

目錄 頁次
壹、中文摘要 1
貳、前言 2
參、文獻檢討 3
一. 鴕鳥的分類 3
（一）敘利亞鴕鳥 3
（二）北非鴕鳥 3
（三）東非鴕鳥 3
（四）索馬里鴕鳥 3
（五）南非鴕鳥 4
（六）馴養鴕鳥 4
二. 鳥類血型分析 5
（一）遺傳組成之分析 5
（二）血型分析 6
1. 血清蛋白多態性 8
（1）前白蛋白型 9
（2）白蛋白型 10
（3）運鐵蛋白型 12
（4）乳酸去氫 17
（5）磷酸肌酸激 18
2. 血紅素多態性 19
肆、材料與方法 21
一. 試驗動物 21
二. 血樣採集及處理 21
三. 試驗方法 21
（一） 以Titan gel 膠片（Helena）分析血清中之特定蛋白
質態樣 21
1. Titan gel serum protein 25
2. Titan gel LDH isoenzyme 27
3. Titan gel CPK isoenzyme 30
（二）以聚丙烯醯膠體電泳法分析血清蛋白態樣 32
（三）血紅素型分析 38
四. 統計分析 40
（一）血液蛋白型出現頻率及基因頻率之估算 40
（二）品種內遺傳變異性之比較 40
（三）品種間遺傳類緣關係之比較 41
伍、結果與討論 42
一. 以Titan gel分析血清中特定蛋白質態樣 42
（一）血清蛋白 42
（二）乳酸去氫之電泳結果 49
（三）磷酸肌酸激之電泳結果 52
二. 血清蛋白型 52
（一）血清前白蛋白型 52
（二）血清白蛋白型 59
（三）血清運鐵蛋白型 59
三. 血紅素型 66
四. 遺傳變異性估算 66
陸、結論 77
柒、參考文獻 79
捌、英文摘要…………………………………………………………….84
圖次 頁次
圖1. 雞血清前白蛋白-1的電泳示意圖 11
圖2. 雞血清白蛋白的電泳示意圖 13
圖3. 雞血清運鐵蛋白的電泳示意圖 15
圖4. 鵝血清運鐵蛋白的電泳示意圖 16
圖5. 血樣處理流程 23
圖6. 實驗流程圖 24
圖7. 鴕鳥、鴯血清蛋白之Titan膠片電泳圖 43
圖8. 鴕鳥、白色中國鵝血清蛋白之Titan膠片電泳圖 44
圖9. 鴕鳥血清蛋白質之Titan膠片電泳膠片掃瞄圖 45
圖10. 鴕鳥血清乳酸去氫異構之Titan膠片電泳圖 50
圖11. 鴕鳥、鴯及白色中國鵝血清乳酸去氫異構之Titan膠片
電泳圖 51
圖12. 鴕鳥血清磷酸肌酸異構之Titan膠片電泳圖 53
圖13. 鴕鳥、白色中國鵝及鴯血清磷酸肌酸異構之Titan膠片
電泳圖 54
圖14. 鴕鳥血清蛋白之PAGE膠片電泳圖……………………………55
圖15. 鴕鳥血清前白蛋白的電泳示意圖 56
圖16. 鴕鳥血清蛋白之PAGE膠片電泳圖 60
圖17. 鴕鳥血清白蛋白的電泳示意圖 61
圖18. 鴕鳥、白色中國鵝血清蛋白之PAGE膠片電泳圖 64
圖19. 鴕鳥、鴯血清蛋白之PAGE膠片電泳圖 65
圖20. 鴕鳥、鴯血清蛋白之PAGE膠片電泳圖 67
圖21. 鴕鳥血紅素型Titan III-H醋酸纖維膠片電泳圖 68
表次 頁次
表1. 供試動物之種類、性別及隻數 22
表2. 以聚丙烯醯膠片分析血清中蛋白之電泳條件 35
表3. 非連續性緩衝系統膠體的配製 37
表4. 鴕鳥、鴯及白色中國鵝間血清蛋白質成分（﹪）之比較 46
表5. 不同品種鴕鳥間血清蛋白質成分（﹪）之比較 47
表6. 不同性別鴕鳥間血清蛋白質成分（﹪）之比較 48
表7. 三個不同品種鴕鳥血清前白蛋白表型與基因頻率 57
表8. 三個不同品種鴕鳥血清白蛋白表型與基因頻率 62
表9. 三個不同品種鴕鳥四種血液蛋白質基因座基因頻率 70
表10. 三個不同品種鴕鳥四個基因座之多態性 71
表11. 三個不同品種鴕鳥四個基因座之遺傳變異性 72
表12. 三個不同品種鴕鳥四個基因座之異質結合率 73
表13. 三個不同品種鴕鳥的遺傳一致性與遺傳距離矩陣 75
表14. 三個不同品種鴕鳥遺傳距離之群組分析 76

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