臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此研究進行三個實驗來探討在一薄荷－金魚菜共生 系統中改變植物密度及的物量分別對於魚及植水質的影響。其中兩個類似實驗是用來找出薄荷密度 (3, 2 及 1株)對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一對於水質的影響。三實驗採取同樣設計；處理及重複或單 位，每一位是一 12 公升的水族缸，打氣以 保麗龍遮蓋並洞置入植物T5 燈管在距離植物 58 公分處全天照射。 公分處全天照射。 (1) (1)實驗 I評估薄荷密度 (生物量 生物量 203.97 ± 2.27 克， 113.84 ± 2.27113.84 ± 2.27113.84 ± 2.27 克及 47.3 47.3 ± 2.91 克)對於水中氨氮、亞硝酸及 pH 的影響，所有處理皆使用來自於吳郭魚養殖 桶的廢水作為耕培養液。 (2) 實驗 II 評估薄荷密度 評估薄荷密度 (同實驗 I) 對於前述水質參數的影響， 對於前述水質參數的影響， 每實驗單位皆加入 9.46 ± 0.13 克的魚且其放養密度相同。 (3) 實驗 III 用來決定 3種金魚的 生物量 (15.54 ± 0.04 (15.54 ± 0.04 克； 10.27 ± 0.14 克； 5.49 ± 0.05 克)對於薄荷 (同一植物生量為 同一植物生量為 102.46 ± 6.95 克)成長之影響。實驗 I顯示植物密度降低氨氮、亞硝酸分別達 顯示植物密度降低氨氮、亞硝酸分別達 97% 、97.5% 及 88.61% 。實驗 。實驗 II 顯示植物密度降 顯示植物密度降 低氨氮、亞硝酸分別達 低氨氮、亞硝酸分別達 低氨氮、亞硝酸分別達 低氨氮、亞硝酸分別達 低氨氮、亞硝酸分別達 76.34% 、96.64% 及 6.49% 。 最高植物密度有低的氨氮、硝酸及 最高植物密度有低的氨氮、硝酸及 最高植物密度有低的氨氮、硝酸及 pH ，反之亦然。 而最後的幾個測值卻有相結果，反之亦然。 而最後的幾個測值卻有相結果，反之亦然。 而最後的幾個測值卻有相結果，反之亦然。 而最後的幾個測值卻有相結果，反之亦然。 而最後的幾個測值卻有相結果，反之亦然。 而最後的幾個測值卻有相結果最低的植物密度有好表現，較多葉子 (41.54%) (41.54%) (41.54%)、幹數 (34.8%) (34.8%)(34.8%)、分枝數 (46.55%) (46.55%) (46.55%)及 幹濕重 (39.43%) (39.43%) (39.43%)，魚終重則無差別。實驗 ，魚終重則無差別。實驗 ，魚終重則無差別。實驗 ，魚終重則無差別。實驗 ，魚終重則無差別。實驗 IIIIII 顯示魚的生 物量對於植成長無影響。顯示魚的生 物量對於植成長無影響。顯示魚的生 物量對於植成長無影響。物量對於氨氮、亞硝酸及磷有類似的趨勢，亦即最高生重濃度反之亦然。最高的 魚生物有低pH 值。與實驗 II 比較， 比較， FCRFCRFCR較高， WG 及 SGRSGR 較低。

關鍵字：魚 菜比、魚共生薄荷金化過濾氨氮亞硝酸

Three experiments were conducted in this study to find out the effects of varying plant density and fish biomass on the growth of fish and plant, respectively and water quality in a floating raft spearmint (Mentha spicata) –goldfish (Carassius auruatus) aquaponis system. Similar experiments were conducted to ascertain the impact of spearmint (Mentha spicata) densities (3, 2 and 1 plant) on water quality parameters in an aquaponic system. All three experiments had the same experimental design; three treatments and three replicates or experimental units. Each experimental unit was a 12L aquarium, aerated, covered with stryfoam, holes were made to accommodate plants. 24h day-1 lighting was provided by T5 tubes suspended 58cm above treatment unit. (1)The first experiment evaluated the effect of spearmint density (biomasass:203.97±2.27g, 113.84±2.27g and 47.3±2.91g) on ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and pH. Waste water, 10 liters from a tilapia culture tank was used as hydroponic solution per treatment unit. (2)The second experiment, evaluated the effect of spearmint densities (same as experiment one) on the previously mentioned parameters, goldfish (Carassius auruatus) was added to the system with biomass 9.46±0.13g and same stocking density per treatment unit.(3)Then a third investigation was conducted to determine the impact of goldfish (Carassius auruatus) biomass (15.54±0.04g, 10.27±0.14g, 5.49±0.05g) on spearmint growth (1 plant-biomass: 102.46±6.95g). The results of the first experiment showed plant density reduced ammonia, nitrite and nitrate by 97%, 97.5% and 88.61% respectively. The second studies suggest that plant biomass significantly reduced ammonia, nitrite and nitrate by 76.34%, 96.64% and 6.49% respectively. Highest plant biomass had the lowest mean for ammonia and nitrate and pH and vice versa. However, the last few measurements had the opposite results, highest density had the highest mean on those parameters and vice versa. The lowest plant density had the best performance (5g plant to 1g fish), it was reported to have more leaves (41.54%), stems (34.8%), lateral branches (46.55%) and stem fresh weight (39.43%) then other treatments. There were no differences on final fish weight.. The third experiment showed fish biomass had no effect on results of plant growth. Fish biomass showed a similar trend on ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphorous where highest biomass had the highest concentrations and vice versa. pH values revealed highest biomass had the lowest values and vice versa. FCR was high, WG and SGR was low when compared with experiment two.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
Abstract ii
摘要 iii
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of Photos ix
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Literature review 3
2.1 Aquaculture global status 3
2.1.1 Regional aquaculture production 3
2.1.2 Global Aquaculture forecast 3
2.1.3 Aquatic plant production 4
2.2 Global status of essential oil 4
2.2.1 Spearmint 4
2.2.2 Uses 5
2.2.3 Factors influencing growth and oil composition 5
2.2.4 Global production 6
2.2.5 Commercially important species 7
2.2.6 Market status 7
2.3.1 Alternative plant production method 7
2.3.2 Deep flow technique 7
2.3.3 Aquaponic system 8
2.3.4 Deep water cannel 10
2.4 Fish to plant ratio 11
2.5 Fish species for Aquaponic systems 11
2.5.1 Carp 11
2.5.2 Ornamental Carp species 12
2.5.3 Goldfish 12
2.5.4 Description 13
2.5.5 The taxonomic status 13
2.5.6 Habitat 13
2.6 Ornamental fish industry 14
2.9.1 Challenges 15
Chapter 3. Materials and Methods 16
3.1 Experiment one: Effect of Spearmint (Mintha spinata) density on absorption of nitrogenous compounds in a hydroponic system using waste water from Tilapia culturing tank 16
3.1.2 Water quality parameters 16
3.2 Experiment two: Effect of Spearmint (Mintha spinata) density on water quality parameters in a floating raft Aquaponics system with Goldfish (Carassuius auratus). 16
3.2.1 Plant data 17
Growth parameters 17
3.2.2 Other growth parameters calculated during the experiment for gold fish 17
3.3 Experiment three: Effect of Goldfish (Carassuius auratus) biomass on Spearmint (Mintha spinata) growth and water quality in a floating raft Aquaponics system 18
3.4 Statistical analysis 18
Chapter 4. Results 19
4.1 Experiment one 19
Effect of Spearmint (Mintha spinata) densities on the absorption of nitrogenous compounds in a hydroponic system using waste water from Tilapia culturing tank. 19
4.1.1 Water parameters measured during the experiment 19
4.2 Experiment two 19
Effect of Spearmint (Mintha spinata) densities on the absorption of nitrogenous compounds in a floating raft Aquaponics system with Goldfish (Carassuius auratus) 19
4.2.1 Water quality parameters during the experiment 19
4.2.1.5 Correlation coefficients of water quality parameters are shown 20
4.2.2 Plant materials during the experiment 20
4.2.3 Fish materials during the experiment 20
4.3 Experiment three 21
Effect of Goldfish (Carassuius auratus) biomass on Spearmint (Mintha spinata) growth and absorption of nitrogenous compounds in a floating raft Aquaponics system 21
4.3.1 Water quality parameters during the experiment 21
4.3.1.6 Correlation coefficients of water quality parameters are shown in Table 4. 21
4.3.2 Plant materials during the experiment 22
4.3.3 Fish materials during the experiment 22
Table 6. Shows a comparison on fish parameters. Weight gain and SGR was very low whereas FCR was very high in all treatments when compared to experiment two. 22
Chapter 5. Discussion 23
5.1 Experiment one: 23
Effect of Spearmint (Mintha spinata) densities on the absorption of nitrogenous compounds in a hydroponic system using waste water from Tilapia culturing tank. 23
5.1.1 Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) 23
5.1.2 Nitrite 23
5.1.3 Nitrate 23
5.1.4 pH 24
5.2 Experiment two: 24
Effect of Spearmint (Mintha spinata) densities on the absorption of nitrogenous compounds in a floating raft Aquaponics system with Goldfish (Carassuius auratus) 24
5.2.1 Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) 24
5.2.2 Nitrite 24
5.2.3 Nitrate 24
5.2.4 pH 24
5.2.5 Plant parameters 24
5.2.6 Fish parameters 25
5.3 Experiment three: 26
Effect of Goldfish (Carassuius auratus) biomass on Spearmint (Mintha spinata) growth and absorption of nitrogenous compounds in a floating raft Aquaponics system 26
5.3.1 Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) 26
5.3.2 Nitrite 26
5.3.3 Nitrate 26
5.3.4 Phosphorous 26
5.3.5 pH 26
5.3.6 Plant parameters 27
5.3.7 Fish parameters 27
Chapter 6. Conclusion and Recommendations 28
Recommendations 28
References 46

Adler P.R., Harper J.K., Wade E.M., Takeda F. and Summerfelt S.T., 2000. Economic
analysis of an aquaponic system for the integrated production of rainbow trout and plants. International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture 1, p.10–13.

Aflatuni, A., 2005. The yield and essential oil content of mint (Mentha ssp.) in Northern
Ostrobothnia Academic Dissertation presented with the assent of the Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, for public discussion in Kuusamonsali,Linnanmaa, June 10th, 2005, Retrieved February 13 2015 from World Wide Web:www.njf.dk/njf/reports/njfreports.ht

Aflatuni .A., 2003. The use of plant origin substances against Galerucella sagitaria.
Proceeding of the Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists 22nd Congress, Nordic Agriculture in Global Perspective, July 1-4 2003, Turku, Finland. Retrieved February 13 2015 from World Wide Web:www.njf.dk/njf/reports/njfreports.ht

Aflatuni .A., 1999. Development of propagation methods for mints under Nordic
conditions. In: Salo R (ed) Mint Research in Finland. Symposium of Mint Research, Jokioinen, 8.12.1999. Publications of Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Series A 66, 74–81

Al-Karaki, G. N., 2008. Cultivation of medicinal plants in garden using soilless culture.
Paper Presented at Bahrain Garden Club Conference, 27th May, Manama, Bahrain

Al-Karaki, G. N., Al-Ajmi ,A. and Othman, Y., 2008. Response of soilless grown sweet
pepper cultivars to salinity. Acta Hort. 807:27-232

Al-Karaki, G. N., 2009. Hydroponic green fodder: alternative method for saving water in
dry areas.Paper Presented at: Second Agricultural Meeting. Sustainable improvement gricultural and animal production and saving water use. Conference, 10-14 October, Oman

Alsafar, M. S. and Al-Hassan Y. M., 2009. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer
on growth and oil yield on indigenous mint (Mentha longifolia L.), Biotech., 8, p. 380-384,

APHA (American Public Health Association), 1999. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, America Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. Washington, USA


ASA .,2009. Alliance for Sustainable Aquaculture and Food and Water Watch. Land-
Based Recirculating Aquaculture Systems: a more sustainable approach to aquaculture. p. 9. Available at http://www.recirculatingfarms. org/downloads/RAS.pdf

Becker, G.C., 1983. Fishes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.
p.1052

Burbott A.J, and Loomis W.D., 1967. Effects of light and temperature on the
monoterpenes of peppermint. Plant Physiology. 42: 20–28

Campos-Pulido R., Alonso-Lopez A., Avalos-de la Cruz D.A., Asiain-Hoyos A. and
Reta-Mendiola J.L., 2013. Caracterizacion fisicoquımica de un efluente salobre de tilapia en acuaponıa. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agricolas Pub. Esp. Num. 5, 939–950

Canagaratnam, P., 1959. Growth of fishes in different salinities. Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada. 16(1):121-130.

Canter, P.H., Howard, T. and Edzard, E., .2005. Bringing medicinal plantsinto cultivation:
opportunities and challenges for biotechnology. Trends Biotech 23:180–184

Carlander, K.D., 1969. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 1. Iowa State
University Press, Ames. p.752

Christopher, S., Moti, C., Edoardo, P., Austin S. and Alessandro, L., 2014. Small-scale
aquaponic food production integrated fish and plant farming FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical paper 589. 71-72pp

Connolly, K. and Trebic, T., 2010. Optimization of a Backyard Aquaponic Food
Production System, McGuill University, Montreal, Canada p.73

Dewick, P.M., 1997. Medicinal natural products. Wiley, Chichester. p. 550

Diver, S. 2000. Aquaponics—Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture. A
Publication of ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service Retrieved February 13, 2015 from world wide web : www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/aquaponic.html

Dorais, M., Papadopoulos, A. P., Luo, X., Leohart, S., Gosselin A., Pedneault, K., Angers,
P. and Gaudreau, L., 2001. Soilless Greenhouse Production of Medicinal Plants in North Eastern Canada. Acta Horticulture. 554:297-304



Dorman,H.J.D, Kosar, M., Kahlos, K., Holm, Y. and Hiltuen, R., 2003. Antioxident
Properties and Composition of Extract from Mentha Species, Hybrids, Varieties, and Cultivars. Journal of Agriculture Food and Chemistry 51(16) p. 4563-4569

Duriyaprapan, I.S. and Britten, E.J., 1982. The effect of age and location of leaf on
quantity and quality of corn mint oil production. Journal of Experimental Botany 33: 810–814.

Elvia, .A. E. M., Cesar, A. A. S., Mario, M.C.J., Pedro, J. A. A., Alfonso, A.C. and
Rosario, M., 2014. Herbaceous plants as part of biological filter for aquaponics system. Aquaculture Research doi:10.1111/are.12626

Eschmeyer, W. N., ed .1998. Catalog of Fishes, Special Publication of the Center for
Biodiversity Research and Information, No. 1. Vol. 1-3 2905. Califonia Academy of Science San Fernando Califonia USA 0-940228-47-5Retrieved February 13th 2015 from World Wide Web http://www.jstor.org/stable/25622932

Etnier, D.A., and Starnes, W.C. 1993. The Fishes of Tennessee. University of
Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. p. 668

FAO., 2015. Aquaculture topics and activities. State of the world aquaculture. Text by
Rohana Subasinghe. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome Updated 27 May 2005. Retrieved 18 February 2015 from World Wide Web .http:www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13540/e

FAO., 2015. Fisheries and Aquaculture topics. Ornamental fish. Topics Fact Sheets. Text
by Devin Bartley. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Updated 27 May 2005. Retrieved 18 February 2015 from World Wide Web .http//www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13611/en

Franzios, G., Mirotsou, M., Hatziapostolou, E., Kra l. J., Scouras, Z.G. and Mavragani-
Tsipidou P., 1997. Insecticidal and genotoxic activities of mint essential oils. Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry 45: 2690–2694

Good, R., 1974. The Geography of the Flowering Plants, 4th ed. London, Longman, p.
518

Hay, R.K. and Waterman, P.G., (ed.) 1993. Volatile Oil Crops: their Biology,
Biochemistry and Production. Longman Scientific &; Technical, p. 185

Hart, J. M., Christensen N. W., Mellbye, M. E. and Gingrich G. A., 2003 Nutrient and
biomass accumulation of peppermint, in Proc. Western Nutrient Management Conference, p. 6370.



Hedge, C., 1992. A global survey of the biogeography of the Labiatae. In The Families
and Genera of Vascular Plants, Harley, R.M. and Reynolds T. (eds) Advances in Labiatae Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 7–17.

Hensley, D.A. and Courtenay, W.R. Jr., 1980. Carassius auratus (Linnaeus),
goldfish,147 in Lee, D.S., Gilbert C.R., Hocutt, C.H., Jenkins R.E., McAllister D.E., and Stauffer, J.R., Jr., eds. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History. Raleigh, NC. Retrieved February 13th 2015 from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov

Heywood, V. H., (ed.) 1978. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford, Oxford University
Press, p.119

Howells, R.G., 1992b. Guide to identification of harmful and potentially harmful fishes,
Shellfishes and aquatic plants prohibited in Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Special Publication, Austin, TX. p.182

Hyden, A., 2006. Aeropic and hydroponic systems for medicinal herb, rhizome and root
crops. Horticulture. Science. 4:536-538

Hubbs, C.L. and Lagler, K.F., 1958. Fishes of the Great Lakes Region. University of
Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. p. 332

Irandokht, M., 2014. The Effect of Plant Density and Harvesting Time on Growth and
Essential Oil of Peppermint (Mentha Piperita L.) Journal of Medical and Bioengineering 3(2):113-116

IGFA., 2001. Database of IGA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA
Retrieved February 18 2015 from World Wide Web:http://www.igfa.org/

Jenkins, R.E. and Burkhead, N.M., 1994. Freshwater fishes of Virginia. American
Fisheries Society, Bethesda. p. 1080

Kintzios S. and Makri O., 2007 Ocimum sp. (Basil): botany, cultivation, pharmaceutical
properties, and biotechnology. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 13, 123–150

Kokkini S., Karousou, R. and Lanaras, T., 1995. Essential oils of spearmint (carvone-rich)
plants from the Island of Crete (Greece). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 23: 287–297.

Landsbury, C., 1999. Quality evaluation of Essential oil from Nova Scotia grown mint.
Master’s thesis. Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Canada, p 105.


Lawrence, B.M .1985. A review of the world production of essential oils (1984).
Perfumer &; Flavorist 10: 1–16.

Lazzari, R. and Baldisserotto, B., 2008. Nitrogen and phosphorus waste in
fish farming. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, S~ao Paulo, 34, 591–600.

Lennard, W.A., 2012. Aquaponic Fact Sheet Series- Fist to Plant Ratio. Retrieved
February 18 2015 from.www.aquaponicsolutions.com

Leonhardt, A., 2013. Spearmint. herbs-info.com Retrieved 13 February 2015 from World
Wide Web: www.herbsinfo.com

Lockley, A.S., 1957. Adrenal cortical hormones and osmotic stress in three species of
fishes. Copeia 1957(3):241-242.

Malcolm, J., 2007. Backyard Aquaponics Magazine, Issue 1, Retrieved 18 February 2015
from World Wide Web: www.backyardaquaponicsmagazine.com

Marotti, M., Piccaglia, R., Giovanelli, E., Deans, S.G. and Eaglesham, E.,1994. Effects of
planting time and mineral fertilization on peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) essential oil composition and its biological activity. Journal of Flavour and Fragrance 9: 125–129

McKay, D. L. and Blumberg, J. B., 2006. A review of the bioactivity and potential
health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytotherapy Res. 20(8):619-33.

Moyle, P.B., 2002. Inland fishes of California. Second Edition. University of California
Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA. p. 502

Muller, J. and Heindl, A., 2006. Drying of Medicinal Plants. In: Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants, R. J. Bogers, L. E. Craker and D. Lange (eds.), p. 237252.

Murai, T. and Andrews, J.W., 1977. Effects of salinity on the eggs and fry of the golden
shiner and goldfish. The Progressive-Fish Culturist 39(3):121-122.

Murali, M. R., Soundaria. M., Maheswari. V., Santhakumari, P. and Gopal, V., 2011.
“Hydroponics”- A novel alternative for geoponic cultivation of medicinal plants and food crops. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2(2):286-296

Nelson. R.L., 2008. Aquaponc Equipment: The Biofilter. Aquaponics Journal. Issue #
48.First Quarter 2008.Nelson and Pade, Inc Retrieved February 13 2015 from World Wide Web:www.aquaponicsjournal.com


Oudhia, P., 2003. Traditional and medicinal knowledge about pudina (Mentha sp. family:
Labiatae) in Chhattisgarh, India. Botanical. Retrieved February 18 2015 from World Wide Web: http://botanical.com

Page, L.M. and Burr, B.M., 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America
north of Mexico. The Peterson Field Guide Series, volume 42. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, p. 432

Pennington, D., 2011. The History of Aquaponics. International Aquaponics and Tilapia
Aquaculture Course: Retrieved February 13 2015 from World Wide Web http://www.uvi.edu/ sites/uvi/Pages/AES-Aquaculture-International_Aquaponics.

Rains, J., 2007. Plants that grow well in aquaponics. Backyard Aquaponics Magazine 1,
20 Retrieved February 18 2015 from World Wide Web:www.backyardaquaponicsmagazine.com

Raicu, P. E. and Banarescu, P., 1981. Carassius carassius and C. auratus, a pair of
diploid and tetraploid representative species (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Cytologia 46:233-240.

Rakocy, J., Shultz R.C., Bailey, D.S. and Thoman E.S., 2004. Aquaponic production of
tilapia and basil: comparing a batch and staggered cropping system. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 648: South Pacific Soilless Culture Conference – SPSCC

Rakocy, J.E., Masser, M.P. and Losordo, T.M., 2006. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank
Production Systems: AquaponicsIntegrating Fish and Plant Culture. SRAC Publication No. 454. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.Texas A &; M University, Texas, USA

Rahman, M.F., 1994. Crop Production by Hydroponics. Biotechnology Centre, Malaysian
Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Malaysia

Rajeswara, R. B.R., Bhattacharya, A.K., Mallavarapu, G.R., and Ramesh, S., 1999.
Volatile constituents of different parts of cornmint (Mentha arvensis L.). Flav Frag J 14:262–264

Ramırez, D., Sabogal, D., Jimenez, P. and Hurtado-Giraldo, H., 2008 La acuaponıa: una
alternativa orientada al desarrollo sostenible. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Basicas 4, 32–51.

Ramırez-Sanchez, L.M., Perez-Trujillo, M.M., Jimenez, P., Hurtado-Giraldo, H. and
Gomez-Ramırez, E., 2011. Evaluacion preliminar de sistemas acuap onicos e hidrop onicos en cama flotante para el cultivo de oregano (Origanum vulgare: Lamiaceae). Revista Facultad de Ciencias Basicas 7, 242–259


Ramu, G., Surendran, A. and James, E. S., 2013. An Assessment of Essential Oil and
Aromatic Plant Industry with a Focus on Africa. African National Plant Products Volume II: Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry, Health and Nutitition Chapter 18 p. 289-321

Richardson, M.J., Whoriskey, F.G. and Roy, L.H., 1995. Turbidity generation and
biological impacts of an exotic fish Carassius auratus, introduced into shallow seasonally anoxic ponds. Journal of Fish Biology 47:576-585.

Robison, H.W., and Buchanan, T.M., 1988. Fishes of Arkansas. University of Arkansas
Press. Fayetteville, AR. p. 536

Sace,C.F. and Fitzsimmons, K.M., 2013. Recirculating aquaponics system using Nile
tilapia (Oreocgromis niloticus) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) polyculture and the productivity of selected leafy vegetables. Merit Research Journal of Business and Management Vol.1 (1).p. 011-029

Santich, R., 2003. Aeroponic Production of Medicinal Herbs. Practical Hydroponics and
Greenhouses 73:42-47

Sara, H. M., Shoko, H. and Eiji, G., 2010. Effects of Light Period and Light intensity on
Essential Oil Composition of Japanese Mint Grown in a Closed Production System. Environ. Control Biol., 48(3) 141-149

Schwartz, F.J., 1964. Natural salinity tolerances of some freshwater fishes. Underwater
Naturalist 2(2):13-15

Scott, W.B. and Crossman, E.J., 1973. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Ottawa. Bulletin 184. p. 966

Sharma, S. and Tyagi, B.R., 1991. Character correlation, path coefficient and heritability
analyses of essential oil and quality components in corn mint. Journal of Genetics 45: 257–262.

Small, E., 1997. Mentha-mint family (Lamiacae). In: Culinary Herbs. Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada. NRC Research Press, 351–372

Smith, V.H., 2003. Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. A global
problem. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 105, 126–139

Sornkanok, V., Worapan, S., Danai, V., Sunisa, K. and Chuda, C., 2009. Productivity and
quality of volatile oil extracted from Mentha spicata and M. arvensis var. piperascens grown by a hydroponic system using the deep flow technique. J Nat Med (2010) 64:31-35.


Spotila, J.R., Terpin, K.M., Koons, R.R. and Bonati, R.L., 1979. Temperature
requirements of fishes from eastern Lake Erie and upper Niagara River. Environmental Biology of Fishes 4(3): 281-307

Srivastava, N.K. and Luthra, R., 1994. Relationship between photosynthetic carbon
metabolism and essential oil in peppermint under Mn-stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 47:1127–1132.

Szczerbowski, J.A., 2001. Carassius auratus (Linneaus, 1758). pp 5-41 In: P. M.
Bãnãrescu and H.-J. Paepke (Eds.) The Freshwater Fishes of Europe, Vol. 5/III; Cyprinidae 2/III and Gasterosteidae. AULA-Verlag GmbH Wiebelsheim. p. 305.

Tangonan. G.T., 2012. R and D Direction for the Innovation Clusters.Congressional
Commission on Science &; Technology and Engineering. Retrieved February 13 from World Wide Web: http://www.comste.gov.ph

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2014. "goldfish’’. Retrieved February 13,
2015 from World Wide Web http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-goldfish.html

The PLANTS Database. Database version (4.0.4). 1996. National Plant Database Center
NRCS, USDA Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA Retrieved February 13, 2015 from World Wide http: //plants.usda.gov menthe spicata

Timmons M.B. and Ebeling J.M., 2010. Recirculating Aquaculture (2nd edn). Editorial
Cayuga Aqua Ventures, USA. p. 53-55, 251, 294-295.

Timmons,M.B. J.M., Ebeling, F.W., Wheaton., Summerfelt, S.T. and Vinci, B.J., 2002.
Recirculating aquaculture systems. 2nd Edition. Northeast Reg. Aquaculture Centre Pub. NO. 01-002

Trang N.T.D. and Brix H., 2014. Use of planted biofilters in integrated recirculating
aquaculture-hydroponic systems in the Mekong Delta. Vietnam. Aquaculture Research 45, 460–469.

Tran, T. L. M., Bui,C. T., Bourgaurd, F. and Gontier, E., 2005. Production of the
secondary metabolite with hydroponic culture. J. Agric. Sci. Tech. 2:145-151.

Trautman, M.B., 1981. The Fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, OH.
p. 683

Walker, R.M. and Johansen, P.H., 1977. Anaerobic metabolism in goldfish, Carassius
auratus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55(8):1304-1311.

Wallen, I.E., 1951. The direct effect of turbidity on fishes. Bulletin of the Oklahoma
Agricultural and Mechanical College 48(2):1-27.

Wheeler, A., 1978. Key to the Fishes of Northern Europe. Frederick Warne Ltd., London,
England. p.380

Yineger, H. and Yewhalaw, D., 2007. Traditional medicinal plant knowledge and use by
local healers in Sekoru District, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 3: 1-7.

Zhadin, V.I., and Gerd, S.V., 1963. Fauna and Flora of the Rivers Lakes and Reservoirs
of the U.S.S.R. Originally published in Moskow, 1961 by Gosudarstvennoe Uchebno-Pedagogicheskoe Izdatel'stvo Misisterstva Prosveshcheniya RSFSR. Translated from Russian in 1963 by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. p.626

Zhang, S.Y., Li, G., Wu, H.B., Liu, X.G., Yao, Y.H., Tao, L. and Liu, H., 2011. An
integrated Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for land-based fish farming: the effects on water quality and fish production. Aquaculture Engineering 45: 93–102.