臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

系統整合晶片在現今社會的應用面很廣，將系統做在一小塊晶片上可以達到面積上的節省。此外在無線感測網路系統的架構下，除了可以應用在長距離的環境變數感測系統，在居家照護方面的及時檢測也是一個很重要的應用議題。
在生醫應用方面，即時的生理訊號檢測，當身體發出異狀訊息，藉由身上的感測器傳到中央處理中心裝置，在經由網路或是無線傳輸的方式，把危急的情況立即通報到醫療機構，可以有效降低因急症病危的情況。而在生物環境部分，像是有毒氣體的感測，危險化合物的監測都是屬於無線感測網路的應用範疇。
在本篇論文，著重在建立一個無線生醫感測系統，而應用部分則是取決於整合之感測器之感測範圍。我們使用台積電2P4M 0.35um CMOS標準製程去實現我們的整合電路，在第三章會詳細說明電路架構。此整合晶片類比電路部分包含氣體與溫度感測器，ASK 傳送機，OOK 接收機，電流放大器，類比轉數位轉換器，電源供應電路，數位電路部分則是ASIC為控制器, 主要控制整個系統類比電路工作時段。而此晶片應用之無線感測網路的協定是由金明輝博士與本實驗是團隊共同制定。在ASIC微控制器部分，包含平行序列串列埠，時間計數器，有限狀態機，電源控制，為與電腦做資訊傳輸，配合電腦包率於19.2kHz操作。
而可程式化的微控制器部分，使用兩個記憶體做為程式與資料記憶體。在指令及的部分參考由Microchip公司所開發的PIC微控制器，共有35個指令，其中程式定址位元寬度為14bi，而資料位元為8bit。一般指令使用之I/O則有13個，兩組非同步平行序列串列埠，分別于傳輸機與接收機使用，一個看門狗硬體，3個計數器，8層堆疊區，以及8種不同的中斷觸發。此電路常用操作頻率為4MHz。

The application of SOC is very wild in the modern society; SOC can condense the area of the whole system. And the concept of wireless sensor network can be used in the long-distance observation system, and the home-health care issue.
In the bio-medical application, the immediately health reaction from sensors carried in people can transmit the warning to the LCC, and then inform the health institution do the immediately action as some dangerous situation. In other situation, the wireless sensor network can be used in the detection for environment, such as some toxic gas and some dangerous chemical compound.
In this these, the design concept is built on wireless sensor network, and the application is based on the sensors we combined into our integrated circuits. In the SOC, we implement this chip by TSMC 2P4M 0.35um standard CMOS process, which we will describe in the Chapter3. This SOC include the analog circuit, including ASK transmitter, OOK receiver, Instrument Amplifier, SAR ADC Converter and Voltage Regulator, and the gas sensor and temperature sensor. And the digital circuit is ASIC microcontroller for the whole system power and state transition control. The wireless sensor network protocol is developed by Dr. Ming-Hui Jin and our lab. The ASIC include the UART, Switch Controller, the Real Time Timer, the FSM and the Power Controller. The operation frequency is usually used in 19.2 kHz for the baud rate to connect the computer.
The programmable microcontroller use two SRAMs to be the program memory and the data memory, one is 2k word, the other is 256 words. The instruction set is referred to the PIC microcontroller developed by Microchip. There are total 35 instructions and the program bus is 14-bit width and the data bus is 8-bit width. The general purpose I/O amounts are 13The programmable microcontroller include two UART, one for RX the other for TX, the watch dog, 3 timers, 8-level stack, and the interrupts of 8 source. The operation frequency is usually used in 4MHz.

List of Contents
摘要 IX
Abstract XI
Chapter 1 2
Introduction 2
1.0 Motivation 2
1.1 Organization 4
1.2 ASIC versus Programmable Microcontroller 5
1.3 Symbols, Abbreviated Terms, and Notation 6
1.3.1 Symbols 6
1.3.2 Abbreviated Terms 7
1.3.3 Notation 11
1.4 Reference 12
Chapter 2 15
Mixed-signal Circuit Design 15
2.0 Introduction 15
2.1 Mixed-signal circuit design flow 16
2.2 Digital circuit design flow [2.1] 18
2.2.1 Synthesis constrain 23
2.2.2 Design for Test 27
2.2.2.1 Stuck-At Fault Models 28
2.2.2.2 Controllable and Observable Faults 28
2.2.2.3 Detecting Stuck-at Faults 29
2.2.2.4 Determining Fault Coverage and ATPG 31
2.2.3 Structure 31
2.2.3.1 Pipeline and Parallel 32
2.2.3.2 Retiming 33
2.2.4 Digital Circuit Power Management 34
2.2.4.1 Determining Power Dissipation Equation [2.6] 35
2.2.4.2 Low Power Design Techniques 36
2.2.4.3 Clock-Gating 37
2.2.4.4 Power-Gating (MTCOMS) [2.4] 37
2.2.4.5 Multiple VDD/VSS [2.4] 39
2.3 References 40
Chapter 3 43
Bio-Medical Wireless SOC with ASIC Microcontroller 43
3.1 SOC System 44
3.1.1 Introduction 44
3.2 ASIC Design Concept 46
3.2.0 Introduce 46
3.2.1 Wireless Sensor Network Introduction [3.1] [3.2] 47
3.2.2 Wireless Sensor Network Protocol 49
3.2.2.1 The Signal Format (RS232) 49
3.2.2.2 Package Definition 51
3.2.3 Finite State Machine 54
3.2.4 Architecture [3.8] [3.9] [3.11] 62
3.2.4.1 System Architecture 62
3.2.4.2 ASIC Architecture 63
3.3 Measurement for Microcontroller 72
3.3.1 CHIP Layout 72
3.4 References 72
Chapter 4 74
Wireless Sensor Node SOC with Programmable Microcontroller 74
4.1 Microcontroller Technology Introduction 75
4.1.1 RISC versus CISC [4.1] [4.2] [4.3] 76
4.1.2 Pipelining [4.1] [4.3] 79
4.1.3 Multi-Threading [4.1] [4.4] 82
4.2 System Overview 83
4.2.1 The Architecture [4.5] [4.6] 84
4.3 Programmable Microcontroller Feature & Architecture 85
4.3.1 Memory Organization [4.7] 89
4.3.2 Special Function Registers [4.7] 91
4.3.3 Interrupt 94
4.3.4 Timer [4.7] 96
4.3.5 Other Registers 98
4.3.6 EEPROM Loader 99
4.3.7 Clock Gating 100
4.4 Measurement for Microcontroller 102
4.4.1 Testing Setup 104
4.4.2 The Results 105
4.5 References 107
Chapter 5 111
Wireless Sensor Node SOC Demo 111
5.1 Introduction 112
5.2 System implementation 113
5.2.1 TX module 115
5.2.2 Digital module 117
5.2.2.1 Instruction 117
5.2.2.2 Software 118
5.3 Measurement 120
Appendix A 126
Detailed Description of Special Function Registers 126

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