臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究的目的是利用蒙古翁吉河周圍的衛星數據調查金礦開採所造成的擾動區域，而需要研究的原因翁吉河在戈壁地區發揮了生態平衡的重要作用。在蒙古，採礦業正在迅速發展成為國家的主要經濟指標之一，然而眾所周知的採礦業也總是對環境產生了負面影響。特別的是，黃金開採正一直進行中，大面積的土地因開採而造成了破壞。結果，區域生態平衡失去了，畜牧業和農業活動也發生了難題。因為許多小河流已經消失，環境嚴重破壞了。採礦區河流的主要污染是清洗礦垢，也伴隨著大量的水消耗，特別在金礦開採方面。然而，礦業公司卻宣稱清洗方法並不使用化學方法，應該是是環保的。但是，1立方公尺的礦污需用到4~12噸的水消耗，會對環境造成長期的破壞，最終造成河流的消失。有證據證實，從杭愛山脈到戈壁的河流很快會乾涸，導致戈壁荒漠化。蒙古自然降雨量少，水量也少，造成土地自然恢復能力更差。但是，有40％土地面積已經獲得勘探許可證，這將長期影響生態平衡。系列的大地衛星數據被用來偵測擾動土地的變化，由比較1986年至2016年期間，發現翁吉河附近受損土地從2.79公頃到703.9公頃地快速發展。

The purpose of the study is to investigate the disturbed area of the gold mining by using satellite data around the Ongi river, Mongolia. The reason for the study is that the Ongi River plays a significant role concerning the ecological balance of Gobi area. In Mongolia, the mining sector is rapidly developing as one of key economic indicators of country, however, as known mining always induced a negative impact on environment, too. In particular, gold mining is underway and large area of land caused damage from mineral extraction. As consequence, the regional ecological balance is lost and difficult problems happened to animal husbandry and farming activites. Many small rivers have disappeared resulting a serious damage to environment. The major pollution for the rivers from mining is dirt wash accompanied with large quantities consumption of water, especially for gold mining. Mining companies declared that washing method is on nature and “eco-friendly” only without using chemical methods. However, 1m³ dirt washing with 4-12 tons of water consumption will cause a long-term damage to the environment, finally cause destruction of the river. Evidences show that rivers from Khangai to Gobi dried up soon resulting Gobi desertification. Naturally, there is low rainfall and few water yields in Mongolia causes poor natural rehabilitation of land. However, 40% of the total land area has been granted exploration licenses will cause impacts on ecological balance for a long run. Serious of landsat satellite data were used to detect the developing of disturbed land. Comparing the period between 1986 and 2016 a rapid developing damage from 2.79 hectares to 703.9 hectares is shown on Ongi River.

CONTENTS

封面內頁
簽名頁
ABSTRACT………. iii
中文摘要………. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
CONTENTS……… vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background of the Study 1
1.2. Objective of the Study 3
1.3. Scope of Works 3
Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 4
2.1. Negative consequences on the environment by mining 4
2.1.1. Descriptions of impacts on the environment 4
2.1.2. Land Degradation 6
2.1.3. Environmental impacts from disturbed areas 7
2.2. Mining license location 8
2.2.1. The reasons for the Ongi river's drying up 10
2.2.2. The mines at the beginning of the Ongi River 11
2.2.3. Mining companies breached the Ongi River 12
2.2.4. The mines along the Ongi River 13
2.2.5. Mining licenses around Ulaan Lake 14
2.3. Methodology for mining technical and biological rehabilitation 15
2.3.1. Technical stage of rehabilitation 16
2.3.2. Biology stage of rehabilitation 17
2.3.3. Experiences from some countries on reclamation 18
2.4. Legal environment for rehabilitation 23
2.4.1. Environmental protection standards 23
2.4.2. Rehabilitation Standards 25
2.5. Mining responsibility 26
2.5.1. MODIS Satellite 26
2.5.2. Geographic information system 28
Chapter 3. RESEARCH FIELD AND METHODOLOGY 30
3.1. Research area and physical geography 30
3.2. Climate 32
3.2.1. Precipitation reports 32
3.2.2. Air temperature data 34
3.3. Research methodology 37
3.3.1. Method chart 38
3.3.2. Classification process 38
3.3.3. ERDAS Imagine 40
3.3.4. Normalized difference vegetation index 40
3.3.5. Landsat satellite news 45
Chapter 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 48
4.1. The Ongi river flow map 49
4.2. Mining broken place 51
4.3. Broken place 57
4.4. Water resources and mining 63
4.5. Mining water pool 65
Chapter 5. CONLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 70
5.1. Conclusions 70
5.2. Recommendations 71
REFERENCES.....……………………………………………………………..….72

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