臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

下水污泥是都市污水處理所產生的副產物，其中含有動植物生長不可或缺的磷元素。下水污泥中的磷以各種形態存在，包括總磷、有機磷、無機磷、非磷灰石和磷灰石等，其中只有磷灰石具有較高的生物及工業可利用性。本研究利用添加含鈣物質，將下水污泥中各種磷型態轉換成磷灰石。結果顯示，原始下水污泥的有機磷含量約佔總磷的45%、非磷灰石約佔總磷的32%、磷灰石約佔總磷的23%。添加8%含鈣物質於70℃進行轉換處理後，有機磷含量約佔總磷的38.5%、非磷灰石約佔總磷的8.3%、磷灰石約佔總磷的53.2%；添加8%含鈣物質於300℃進行轉換處理後，有機磷含量幾乎完全消失、非磷灰石約佔總磷的8.3%、磷灰石約佔總磷的90.6%。經轉換後的磷灰石以焦磷酸鈣（Ca2P2O7）的形式存在。本研究顯示，藉由添加含鈣物質，可於較低的溫度下，將下水污泥中各種型態的磷轉變成磷灰石。

Sewage sludge (SS) is a byproduct of urban sewage treatment which contains phosphorus (P) necessary for plant and animal growth. P exists as several types in SS, including organic phosphorus (OP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and apatite phosphorus (AP). Among these, only AP has higher bioavailability and broader industrial applications. This study attempted to transform different types of P in SS into AP by the addition of calcium compounds. The results showed that after the addition of 8% calcium compound at 70 ℃, the content of OP decreased from 45% to 38.5%, NAIP decreased from 32% to 8.3%, and AP increased from 23% to 53.2%. After the addition of 8% calcium compound at 300 ℃, OP was almost disappeared, NAIP remained at 8.3%, whereas AP increased to 90.6%. The transformed AP existed as calcium pyrophosphate (Ca2P2O7). The results showed that by adding calcium compounds, various P in SS can be transformed into AP under lower temperature condition.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 III
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 磷之重要性 1
1.2 世界磷礦石生產量 1
1.3 下水污泥中的磷 3
1.4 前人研究情形 4
1.5 本研究目的 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 下水污泥之產出及特性 5
2.2 下水污泥之磷來源 5
2.3 下水污泥之磷型態 8
2.4 下水污泥中磷型態轉換之相關研究 10
2.4.1 熱處理 10
2.4.2 焚化處理 10
第三章 材料與方法 12
3.1 實驗材料 12
3.1.1 下水污泥樣品 12
3.2 實驗藥品 13
3.3 實驗設備 14
3.3.1 分光光度計（UV Spectrophotometer） 15
3.3.2 元素分析儀(EA) 16
3.3.3 X-射線螢光分析(XRF) 17
3.3.4 X-射線繞射分析(XRD) 18
3.3.5 掃描式電子顯微鏡（SEM-EDX） 19
3.4研究方法 20
3.4.1研究流程圖 20
3.4.2實驗方法 22
3.5萃取方法 22
3.6分析方法 23
第四章　結果與討論 25
4.1下水污泥樣品分析 25
4.1.1原始下水污泥之組成分析 25
4.1.2原始下水污泥之各種磷型態含量分析 26
4.1.3原始下水污泥之結晶型態分析 27
4.1.4原始下水污泥之電子顯微鏡分析 28
4.2 添加氧化鈣進行下水污泥中各種磷型態轉換 30
4.2.1 氧化鈣添加量之影響 30
4.2.2 添加氧化鈣之反應溫度影響 31
4.2.3 添加氧化鈣之反應時間影響 33
4.2.4 下水污泥添加氧化鈣轉換之結晶型態分析 35
4.2.5 添加氧化鈣轉換後下水污泥之電子顯微鏡分析 38
4.2.6 添加氧化鈣進行下水污泥中各種磷型態轉換小結 42
4.3 添加氫氧化鈣進行下水污泥中各種磷型態轉換 43
4.3.1 氫氧化鈣添加量影響 43
4.3.2 添加氫氧化鈣之反應溫度影響 44
4.3.3 添加氫氧化鈣之反應時間影響 46
4.3.4 添加氫氧化鈣轉換後下水污泥之結晶型態分析 48
4.3.5 添加氫氧化鈣轉換後下水污泥之電子顯微鏡分析 50
4.3.6 添加氫氧化鈣轉換小結 53
4.4 添加碳酸鈣進行下水污泥中各種磷型態轉換 54
4.4.1 碳酸鈣添加量影響 54
4.4.2 添加碳酸鈣之反應溫度影響 55
4.4.3 添加碳酸鈣之反應時間影響 57
4.4.4 添加碳酸鈣轉換後下水污泥之結晶型態分析 58
4.4.5 添加碳酸鈣轉換後下水污泥之電子顯微鏡分析 60
4.4.6 添加碳酸鈣添轉換小結 63
4.5 添加各種含鈣物質進行下水污泥中磷型態轉換結果之比較 64
4.6 添加含鈣物質進行磷轉換之機制探討 68
第五章　結論與建議 71
5.1 結論 71
5.2 建議 72
參考文獻 73

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