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研究生:楊惠淳
研究生(外文):YANG, HUI-CHUN
論文名稱:基因改造作物(GMcrops)之生態衝擊管理
論文名稱(外文):The Management of Ecological Impact from Genetically Modified (GM) Crops
指導教授:龐元勳龐元勳引用關係
指導教授(外文):PANG, YUAN-HSUN
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺北大學
系所名稱:資源管理研究所
學門:環境保護學門
學類:環境資源學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2004
畢業學年度:92
語文別:中文
論文頁數:155
中文關鍵詞:基因改造作物生物技術生物多樣性生態風險管理永續農業共存管理適應性管理
外文關鍵詞:GM cropsbiotechnologybiodiversityecological risk managementsustainable agricultureco-existence managementadaptive management
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:9
  • 點閱點閱:1089
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:192
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:5
生態保育為人類永續發展重要的課題之一,而GM crop無限制的發展,很可能會對地球生態系統造成嚴重破壞,因此國際保育組織與各主要國家,基於生態環境健康與安全的考量,皆以積極的態度面對GM crop生態負面效應。
GM crop生態衝擊產生的原因,可歸納為:GM crop本身對環境的影響,及由人為農業經營型態改變,對農業生態系統造成的破壞。前者可因生態壓力的來源,分為建立持續存活的族群(self-sustaining populations)、基因轉移與毒性作用三大類,而曝露的途徑則包括:垂直演化、基因水平轉移、花粉散佈與微生物分解作用。所產生的生態效應,如成為入侵種生物、目標生物產生抗性、非目標生物群的威脅,經由更廣泛的散播和繁衍,則會造成生物多樣性的喪失與生態性統失衡的嚴重後果。
生態系統管理為自然資源管理的新趨勢,國際間GM crop生態衝擊管理規範先驅的法規:《生物安全議定書》與歐盟2001/EC/18法令,皆採用生態風險評估與風險管理的方法,來控制GM crop的生態風險。然而,我國卻尚缺乏完善的管理對策。經過GM crop生命週期分析的過程、國內外法律規範的探討與生態風險管理個案分析,研究發現我國GM crop生態衝擊管理,應包含七大類的課題:1.研發與監測技術操作面的問題;2.法令規範之不足與缺失;3.管理單位職權分配與管理體制運作衍生的問題;4.國際合作的可行性;5.倫理道德的衝擊;6.GM crop及生態知識的教育推廣;7.NGO扮演角色的運用。
因此,本研究基於生態系統管理、農業永續性與共存管理(co-existence)的概念,採納預防原則與科學證據等原則,應用生態風險管理與適應性管理的操作方法,研擬我國的GM crop管理策略,以期透過移除或控制生態風險的方式,達到維護生態完整性的基礎目標。在生物科技促進社會與經濟發展的同時,能兼顧固有生態系統結構與功能的健全,裨透過永續農業的經營,最終達成生態永續性的總目標。
Ecology conservation is one of the important issues on human sustainable development. If genetically modified (GM) crops develop unlimitedly, there will be serious damages to the Earth ecosystem. Therefore, international conservation organizations and most countries mostly take active attitude to face ecological negative effects resulted from GM crops in consideration of ecosystem health and safety.
There are two major reasons GM crops cause ecological impacts. One is the influences from GM crops and another is the change of agriculture management. The former includes the establishment of self-sustaining populations, gene transfer, and toxic effects. The exposure pathways are evolution, horizontal gene transferring, pollen spreading and microorganism decomposition. The resulted ecological effects may include receptor organism resistance occurring and threatening to non-target population. Once expanding, serious damages may occur by losing of biodiversity and ecosystem balance.
Ecosystem management is a trend for natural resource management. In the world, Cartagena Protocols on Biosafety and EU 2001/18 /EC Direct both have adopted ecological risk management in their management framework to reduce or control ecological risk from GM crops. However, we still lack an integrated strategy for GM crops management in Taiwan. Through GM crops’ life cycle analysis, survey on domestic and international legal standards, and case study, seven important issues were found for GM crops in our country in this study. They are: 1. difficulty of technical operation in research, development and monitoring; 2.lack and weaknesses of regulation; 3. issue on assigning responsibility to administrative authority and management operations; 4.international cooperation feasibility; 5. consideration on ethic and moral issues; 6. education promotion on GM crop and ecological knowledge; 7. issue on the role of non-government organization (NGO) .
This research tried to develop strategies for GM crop management in Taiwan. It was based on concepts of ecosystem management, sustainable agriculture, and co-existence management. It meanwhile adopted the precautionary and science-based principle, ecological risk management, and adaptive management, so as to remove or control the ecological risks from GM crops, and finally to protect ecosystem integrity. Hopefully, it can help improving social, economical and ecological sustainability by sustainable agriculture.
第一章 緒論...............................................................................................1
第一節 研究動機與目的......................................................................................1
第二節 研究方法與流程......................................................................................5
第二章 文獻彙整與分析........................................................................11
第一節 基因工程技術與GMO.........................................................................11
第二節 GM crop 的發展....................................................................................21
第三節 生物多樣性............................................................................................25
第四節 生態系統管理與適應性管理................................................................30
第五節 生態風險評估與風險管理....................................................................40
第六節 小結........................................................................................................47
第三章 GM crop 的生態衝擊與管理分析.............................................49
第一節 GM crop 的生態衝擊............................................................................51
第二節 GM crop 釋放至環境中的法令規範....................................................59
第三節 GM crop 的管理現況............................................................................70
第四節 綜論........................................................................................................75
第四章 GM crop 的風險管理案例分析.....................................................
-- Bt 作物的生態衝擊管理........................................................78
第一節 Bt 作物的發展背景與現況...................................................................79
第二節 Bt 作物的生態衝擊與風險評估...........................................................82
第三節 國外的管理經驗....................................................................................89
第四節 綜合分析................................................................................................99
第五節 小結......................................................................................................101
第五章 我國GM crop 生態衝擊管理策略研擬..................................103
第一節GM crop 生態衝擊管理課題...............................................................103
第二節 管理理念..............................................................................................108
第三節 管理目標架構......................................................................................110
第四節 管理原則..............................................................................................112
第五節 管理策略與架構..................................................................................116
第六節 小結......................................................................................................127
II
第六章 結論、討論與建議..................................................................128
第一節 結論......................................................................................................128
第二節 討論......................................................................................................131
第三節 建議......................................................................................................138
參考文獻.................................................................................................140
附件一.....................................................................................................155
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三、網站資源
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行政院農業委員會http://www.coa.gov.tw/
行政院農委會種苗改良繁殖場 http://www.tss.gov.tw/
行政院衛生署食品資訊網 http://food.doh.gov.tw/index1.htm
行政院衛生署基因改造食品網 http://gmo.doh.gov.tw/
社團法人環境資訊協會-環境資訊中心 http://e-info.org.tw/
香港綠色和平組織 http://www.greenpeace-china.org.hk/
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農学情報資源システムhttp://rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/menu_ja.html
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154
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CODEX Alimentarius http://www.codexalimentarius.net/index_en.stm
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The Royal Society Publications
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Transgenic Crops
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U.S. Environment Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/
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