臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

錯誤記憶研究方興未艾，研究者多沿用Roediger與McDermott（1995）使用的DRM或其相關典範，在再認測驗中，以關鍵項目的「是」反應或其相對應測量的反應率（在四點確信度評量中，合併反應3與4）來指示錯誤記憶。本研究指出該操作性定義過於籠統，由於DRM測驗的特性，使得該測量可能參雜了非記憶性的策略介入。作者進一步提出兩個較嚴格的界定方式：以確信度評量4的反應率為嚴格的再認測量，以及同時採用傳統測驗情境與「去除無關項目」的測驗情境相互對照以界定錯誤記憶。前導性研究一發現採用不同測量會影響變項效果的評估，導致不同的結論。前導性研究二A及二B以具相同部件的中文字形相似字為材料，結果發現兩種界定方式均具有改進測量方法的功能。其中嚴格的再認測量不受指導語影響，也不受無關項目有無的影響，具有較佳的穩定性。前導性研究三以DRM語意相關列表為材料，則發現兩種改進方式與傳統界定沒有顯著差異。整體而言，本論文建議後續研究應在傳統的再認測驗情境中，採用嚴格再認測量較能反映記憶效果。
雖然當代錯誤記憶的解釋理論中，以模糊痕跡理論（Brainerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995）最具解釋力與潛力，但本論文指出模糊痕跡理論只適於解釋語意相關列表所產生的錯誤記憶效果，有其侷限性。相對而言，尚未被廣泛引用來解釋錯誤記憶效果的「項目特定／關係性」架構（Hunt & Einstein, 1981; Hunt & McDaniel, 1993），以相對性的方式定義項目特定與關係性訊息的特色，對不同的結果更具解釋力。該架構可同時解釋LoP對知覺性或語意性的錯誤記憶上所得相反的影響效果（實驗一及實驗二）。項目特定／關係性架構以項目特定及關係性作為訊息處理效果的切分向度，獨立於傳統以知覺／語意的切分，故可分別在知覺（實驗三）或語意（實驗四）的層次上，獨立操弄項目特定或關係性的處理特性，並一致得到關係性處理比項目特定處理會得到更多的錯誤再認。綜合實驗一至實驗四的結果，對模糊痕跡理論而言，只有實驗二結果符合其預測，其餘則是無法事前預測（實驗一與實驗三）或是不支持其預測（實驗四），而四個實驗結果則完全符合項目特定／關係性架構的預測。

False memory has been a topic of great attention recently. Most studies have adopted the DRM paradigm developed by Roediger & McDermott (1995). Most explanation accounts are also built on the nature of semantic relatedness. For example, fuzzy trace theory (Brainerd & Reyna, 1998, Reyna & Brainerd, 1995), a frequently cited theory, is only applicable when semantically related materials were used. The present thesis argued that item-specific/relational framework (Hunt & Einstein, 1981; Hunt & McDaniel, 1993) can account for both perceptual and semantic false memory. The effects of level of processing (LoP) on false memory were investigated with both perceptually related list (experiment 1) and semantically related list (experiment 2). Adopting a conservative measure in which only the response rate of point 4 on four-point confidence rating scale was included, the experiments demonstrated a positive LoP effect on semantic false recognition but a reverse effect on perceptual false recognition. The present thesis also showed that compared with processing relational information, item-specific information processing significantly reduced the creation of both perceptual and semantic false recognition (experiment 3 and 4). These results agreed with the prediction of item-specific/relational framework, but were inconsistent with fuzzy-trace theory.

緒論 1
Deese/Roediger-McDermott（簡稱DRM）典範 4
DRM的相關實徵研究 7
對錯誤記憶研究的省思 13
錯誤再認與反應標準 14
錯誤再認的操作性定義：嚴格再認測量與測驗情境控制 17
有關錯誤記憶的理論 22
理論特性的分類 37
現有理論的比較與限制 40
模糊痕跡理論與Mandler的雙歷程理論 44
項目特定／關係性架構（item-specific/relational framework） 47
研究目的 52
前導性研究一 55
方法 56
結果與討論 58
前導性研究二A 64
方法 64
結果與討論 64
前導性研究二B 70
方法 70
結果與討論 71
前導性研究三 76
方法 76
結果與討論 79
實驗一及實驗二總論 84
實驗一 88
方法 88
結果與討論 89
實驗二 92
方法 92
結果與討論 93
實驗三 96
方法 96
結果與討論 97
實驗四 99
方法 99
結果與討論 100
綜合討論 102
錯誤再認的操作性定義 102
模糊痕跡理論與項目特定／關係性架構 107
LoP的再檢視 110
字頻的鏡射效應 112
本研究的限制與未來研究方向 112
參考文獻 115
附錄一：前導性研究一所使用的材料 134
附錄二：前導性研究二A的警示指導語 135
附錄三：前導性研究三、實驗二及實驗四所使用的材料 136
附錄四：前導性研究三各測驗情況的指導語 137
附錄五：實驗一及實驗三的材料 138
附錄六：實驗一各情況的指導語 139
附錄七：實驗二各情況的指導語 140
附錄八：實驗三各情況的指導語 141
附錄九：實驗四形成心像難易度分類作業指導語 142

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