臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

伴隨著半導體製程技術的進步與成熟，已經能將類比與數位電路結合在一起，並做在同一晶片上。又由於生物醫學上的需求，近幾年來，已成功的利用CMOS技術去結合生物醫學感測器與CMOS電路，實現微小化、低雜訊、低功率、與低成本的單晶生醫晶片。而在生物醫學系統當中，必須先將從感測器進來的類比訊號做優先的處理與調整，所以此論文的目的為，使用TSMC 0.35μm CMOS 2P4M的製程技術來完成多功能之生醫類比前置電路，其主要的三個電路分別為儀測放大器（IA）、二階低通濾波器(two-order LPF)、與一個可程式化增益的放大器（PGA）。
此論文的整個電路架構，是由本實驗室已成功完成的儀測放大器，透過數位控制開關以及回授控制方式來實現可依訊號強度不同做適度放大倍率的電路系統，再藉由低通濾波器濾掉由截波技術所造成的非理想頻率，並經由後端的可程式化增益放大器做進一步的訊號放大。整個系統再藉由開關的處理來達到多功能的設計，使得能夠處理廣大範圍的生物醫學信號，並針對微小的訊號種類（電壓、電流）做適度的調整。整個晶片的面積是1.8x1.35 mm 。在電壓供應為3V下的功率消耗為944.2μW。

With the advancement and maturation of semiconductor technology, the digital and analog circuit has been integrated on the same chip. In recent years, because of the demand on biomedicine, CMOS bio-sensors have already realized successfully with CMOS technique, achieving miniature, low noise, low power and low cost biomedical systems. In addition, analog front-end circuit with the function of signal arrangement is a critical component in the biomedical system. In this thesis, the main three pieces of circuit are instrumentation amplifier (IA), second-order LPF and a programmable gain amplifier (PGA). They are fabricated in TSMC 0.35μm CMOS 2P4M process.
The first stage of the system is based on IA which had accomplished by our laboratory and through the digital control switch and feedback loop to carry out the circuit system with the function of adjusting different intensity signal. Then, using a two-order LPF ( Sallen-key circuit ) to suppress the spikes from the clock feedthrough and charge injection caused by nonideality of the chopper switches. Finally, the signal is further amplified by programmable gain amplifier in the last stage. In order to let the whole system to deal with a wide range of biomedical signals and attain appropriate adjustment according to different kind of small signal sources, the design relies on a switch on/off devise to achieve these multi-functions. The die area is 1.8mm x 1.35mm and the power consumption is 944.2uW from a 3V voltage supply.

致謝 1
摘要 4
Abstract 5
Content 7
List of Figures 10
List of table 13
Chapter 1 Introduction 14
1.1 Motivation 14
1.2 Thesis Organization 17
Chapter 2 The fundamentals of Analog Front-End 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Offset and Noise in the CMOS Circuit 20
2.2.1 Basic CMOS Amplifier 20
2.2.2 Noise Spectrum Analysis[7] 21
2.3 Low noise and Low Offset Circuits Techniques : Chopper Technique 22
2.3.1 Basic Principle [6],[10] 22
2.3.2 Chopper Modulation[11] 24
2.3.3 Effect of Chopping on the Noise of Chopper Amplifier[12] 26
2.3.4 Residual Offset[13] 27
2.3.5 Chopping Frequency Select[14] 29
2.4 Circuit Analysis of Analog Front-End 30
2.4.1 Introduction 30
2.4.2 Noise Analysis of Non-inverting and Inverting Amplifiers[10] 31
2.4.3 Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) 33
2.4.3.1 Proposed Instrumentation Amplifier[15] 34
2.4.3.2 Residual Offset Reduction of DDA with Chopper Technique 35
2.4.4 Low-Pass Filter[6] 37
2.4.5 Programmable Amplifier[17] 40
2.5 Summary 41
Chapter 3 Instrumentation Amplifier 42
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 RRDDA Incorporating Chopper Technique[16] 44
3.2.1 Overview of the circuit 44
3.2.2 Low Noise Design[24] 45
3.2.3 Chopper Modulator 47
3.2.4 Oscillator[33] 48
3.2.5 Clock Generator : 50
3.3 Simulation Result 50
3.4 Measurement Results 56
3.4.1 Measurement setup 56
3.4.1.1 Die Photograph and PCB design 56
3.4.1.2 AC Response Measurement Setup 57
3.4.1.3 DC Characteristic Measurement Setup 58
3.4.1.4 Noise Measuement Setup 59
3.4.2 Experimental Results 60
3.5 Summary 66
Chapter 4 A Biomedical Analog Front-End 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 The Architecture of Proposed Analog Front End 68
4.3 Design and Implementation of Proposed Biomedical Analog Front End 69
4.3.1 Instrumentation Amplifier and Digital Controller 69
4.3.2 Symmetrical Miller CMOS OTA 70
4.3.3 Second-Order Bessel Low-Pass Filter 71
4.3.4 Programmable Gain Amplifier ( PGA ) 74
4.4 Simulation Results 75
4.4.1 Operational transconductance Amplifier ( OTA ) 75
4.4.2 Second-Order Bessel Low-Pass Filter 80
4.4.3 Programmable Gain Amplifier ( PGA ) 81
4.5 Measurement Setup and Experimental Results 83
4.5.1 Die Photograph 83
4.5.2 Experimental Results 84
Chapter 5 Conclusion 85
References 87

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