臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著無線通訊市場的蓬勃發展，無線通訊晶片的需求也與日遽增。以往的射頻晶片主要是GaAs及Bipolar的製程，雖然這兩種製程在高頻有較好的特性，但是無法與CMOS的基頻電路整合為一個單晶片的系統，因此CMOS射頻電路開始受到廣大的重視及研究。
為了降低功率損耗，射頻電路操作在1V或低於1V的電壓是必須的。變壓器回授電路可以達成操作電壓的需求所以本論文針對此電路做研究。除此之外，兩個我與其他人合作的電感器也在本論文中完成。

Due to the booming development of the wireless communication, the demand of the RF IC is growing rapidly. The RF circuits are usually implemented in GaAs or Bipolar process. However, these two processes are not compatible to the typical CMOS process, which is used to implement the base band circuits. Thus, if the CMOS RF circuits can be realized, the whole receiving circuits can be integrated into a single chip, and then the cost will be cut down significantly.
In order to decrease power loss, RF circuits operate at voltages at or below 1V are required. Transformer feedback circuit can accomplish low supply voltage requirement so we research it in this thesis. Besides, two inductors that I co-work with others are also achieved in this thesis.

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………1
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………1
1.1.1 2.4GHz Frequency Bands…………………………………………2
1.1.2 5GHz Frequency Bands………………………………………………3
1.2 Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………………4
Chapter 2 Transformer……………………………5
2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………5
2.1.1 Numerous Type of RF Transformer Structure………………………5
2.2 Characteristic of RF Transformer…………………………………………9
2.2.1 Self-Inductance………………………………………………………9
2.2.2 Mutual Inductance…………………………………………………11
2.2.3 Maximum Available Gain .……………………………12
2.3 Four Port Differential Transformers…………………………………13
2.3.1 Device Measurement…………………………………15
2.3.2 Device De-Embedding………………………………………………17
2.3.2 Four Port Transformer Measurement Results………………………18
Chapter 3 Simulation by Sonnet…………………21
3.1 Calibration of Process Parameters by Inductor Characterization…………21
3.1.1 Metal Loss……………………………………………………22
3.1.2 Metal Conductivity & Metal Thickness…………………………23
3.1.3 Substrate Loss………………………………………………………24
3.1.4 Substrate Conductivity………………………………………………24
3.1.5 Calibration Results…………………………………………………25
3.2 Design Circuit with Transformer…………………………………………29
3.3 Post Simulation……………………………………………………………30
Chapter 4 Low Noise Amplifier…………………31
4.1 Scattering Parameters……………………………………………………32
4.2 Power Gain………………………………………………………………35
4.3 Noise Figure………………………………………………………………37
4.4 Linearity…………………………………………………………………40
4.5 Stability……………………………………………………………………45
4.6 Transformer Feedback LNA………………………………………………45
4.6.1 Introduction of Transformer Feedback LNA………………………46
4.6.2 Dual Transformers Feedback LNA…………………………………46
4.6.3 Transformers Simulation Results……………………………………49
4.6.4 Dual Transformers Feedback LNA Simulation Results……………50
4.6.5 Conclusions…………………………………………………………54
Chapter 5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 56
5.1 General Design Considerations……………………………………………56
5.2 Startup Condition…………………………………………………………58
5.3 LC-Tank VCO……………………………………………………………59
5.4 Phase Noise………………………………………………………………60
5.4.1 Leeson’s model……………………………………………………60
5.4.2 Ali Hajimiri’s model………………………………………………65
5.5 Transformer Feedback VCO………………………………………………70
5.5.1 Introduction of Transformer Feedback VCO………………………70
5.5.2 Transformer Simulation Results……………………………………72
5.5.3 VCO Simulation results……………………………………………73
5.5.4 Conclusions…………………………………………………………75
Chapter 6 Other Projects…………………………77
6.1 Metal of various widths in circular spiral inductor……………77
6.2 The optimum of variable inductor…………………………………79
Chapter 7 Conclusion……………………………82

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