臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

麥可．翁達傑(Michael Ondaatje) 的斯里蘭卡戰爭小說《菩薩凝視的島嶼》是一本描寫內戰中主體遭遇極端戰爭暴力的困境以及相關的人權議題處理的作品。這本小說自出版以來廣受批評家從政治層面上，文化差異上，以及國際仲裁的合法性的/效力等諸多方面的討論。然而，現今的討論大多從東方/西方的二元對立，絕對的文化差異的角度處理這本小說中的人權的議題，對於主體行動的詮釋也因此受到影響及侷限。本論文嘗試另闢蹊徑，將討論的重點放在主要角色/主體在面對此內戰中噬人心神的社會暴力事原初如何應對的，而在彼此珍貴的情感交流，互相支持後形成的親密關係，又對他們對於外在環境，彼此，甚至是與自身的關係帶來怎樣深刻的改變。
本論文分成三部分。第一章借用全球化理論家Pheng Cheah具解構性的人權批評探討小說中的暴力以及人權議題。本文主張：人權不是人生既有的自然權，相反地人權論述常與全球政治經濟掛鉤並形塑人成為理性的且願意為人權犧牲奉獻的主體。接續第一章所提出的角色與社會背景的特質，第二及第三章探討主角原初以專業工作為中心最為對外在暴力回應的問題以及此種不直接的科學實驗化的態度如何透過彼此親密關係的建立得到修正。第二章著重於對於自由主義(liberalism)的批評還有主角建立親密關係(issue of intimacy)的困境，討論彼此原有的問題以及相遇觸發了改變的契機。第三章則運用情動理論(Theory of Affect) 分析主角(Anil 和 Sarath)在小說末段的具有倫理性的行動如何觸發了與其他角色深層親密並雙向交流關係(Pieta)最終產生了一種深刻的情動力影響自身也影響斯里蘭卡這片大地

Michael Ondaatje’s Sri Lankan civil war novel, Anil’s Ghost, concerning the inhuman situation in the civil war and the follow-up discussion on human rights and subjects, has been widely discussed from the perspectives of politics, cultural differences and international intervention. However, this thesis will discuss the issue of human rights on a global scale rather than the conventional West/East binary and return the focus to the subjects—the main characters, and their life journeys. In this thesis, I will probe into the issue of subject and social violence by first analyzing the discourse of human rights related to the novel. In this character-centered war novel, each major figure has their own personal issue, bias and passion to try to help with the seemingly helpless situation happening around them. However, as I want to elaborate that through the journey of Anil’s mission to uncover the identity of skeletal remains in an effort to accuse the government of state-sponsored killing, they all undergo the process of rethinking their ways of responding to the outside world. Eventually they form an alternative, intimate relationship both to each other and to themselves.
In chapter one and two, I apply Pheng Cheah’s destructive theory on the discourse of human rights. In the later part of the thesis, the focus is on how the main characters change their attitude toward the outside chaotic world and their own lives through their encounters produced within Anil’s journey and develop a more intimate relationship with others and themselves because of their encounters with each other. Through the discussion of intimacy in the novel, their encounters serve to the beginnings of their change in attitude. In Chapter three, the changes in chapter two are exposed as temporal and vulnerable. Here, the theory of affect is used to explain the alternative relations which are described as pietas are triggered by the major events that happen in the end of the novel. These alternative relations have the power to change main characters’ way of responding toward the outside world, their profession and their own lives.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement i
Chinese Abstract ii
English Abstract iii
Table of Contents v
Introduction 1
Chapter One Violence and the Subject Caught In-between 9
Human Rights and Violence 10
The Three Voices in the Discourse of Human Rights 16
Human Rights and Subject 18
Normativity 20
Shaping of Subjects in Anil’s Ghost 22
Subject in Crisis 24
Chapter Two Deconstructing the Pursuing of Human Rights and Re-Writing Subjects 28
Contaminated Liberalism 28
Liberalism in Anil’s Ghost 31
Sites of Resistance: New Possibilities 33
Rewriting of History 36
Influence of Profession 40
Responding to the Face 43
Issue of Intimacy 47
Responding to Each Other 51
Chapter Three Human Encounters in Anil’s Ghost 55
Numb State of Mind 58
Transformation and Affect 61
Losing Identity, to be One’s Self 63
Passion-Driven Action 65
Important Changes among the Characters - Pietas 72
Affect, Meditation and Passing On 76
Conclusion 80
Works Cited 82

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