臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於具備製程簡單以及光學性質可藉由外加場輕易控制等優點，由具旋性的液晶材料所構成的自組裝光子晶體在軟物質光子應用上(例如:積體光路)相當具有潛力。膽固醇液晶與藍相液晶就是其中兩種具代表性之旋性液晶材料。由於材料中親手性分子作用，在膽固醇與藍相液晶內之液晶分子會自發性地排列成螺旋周期結構。此自發性形成之螺旋結構會使膽固醇與藍相液晶對圓偏振光而言具有光子能隙之特性。若在此系統中額外摻入增益介質，即可開發出以此軟物質光子晶體為基礎之光子晶體雷射。
本論文題目為『膽固醇與藍相液晶於可調控光子能隙與雷射元件之研究與應用』。主要工作包含三個部分，簡列如下：
(1) 第一部分工作主題為『偶氮親手性材料加入染料摻雜膽固醇液晶微球製作可光調控與開關之全方位輸出球狀微雷射器』。在此部分工作中，我們於膽固醇液晶微球內摻入雷射染料以及偶氮親手性分子，製作可光調控輸出雷射波長以及切換強度之球狀微雷射元件。實驗結果顯示，照射弱紫外光可調控此雷射之輸出波長，而照射強紫外光則可停止此雷射輸出。此球狀微雷射可做為微光源應用於全光學積體光路、雷射顯示器、生醫影像及治療方面。其雷射輸出隨紫外光變化的特性也可應用在紫外光微感測器上。
(2) 第二部分工作主題為『以摻雜低濃度偶氮液晶之藍相液晶製作可快速全光開關之光子能隙元件及雷射器』。本工作所製作之樣品內的偶氮液晶反式異構物在照射微弱紫外光後會快速轉變成彎曲狀順式異構物，並快速擾亂位於藍相液晶內部缺陷線與雙螺旋圓柱間之局部液晶分子排列，使原本呈BPI晶體結構排列之雙螺旋圓柱變成凌亂之類BPIII非晶狀排列，造成光子能隙快速消失。而在照射綠光之後，順式偶氮液晶異構物則快速變回反式異構物，雙螺旋圓柱快速回復至原本之晶體結構，造成光子能隙再次出現。相較於以膽固醇液晶製成之可光控光子能隙元件，此藍相光子能隙元件更具備光敏感與光控快速反應之性質，因此可使用於發展光敏感且可快速全光控之液晶雷射器上。
(3) 第二部分工作主題為『將藍相液晶填入一楔型樣品內，製作出具備大範圍調控性之可空間調控光子能隙以及雷射元件』。實驗結果顯示，在固定溫度下，由於楔型樣品之厚度梯度對藍相液晶分子提供呈現梯度分布之邊界作用力，造成長成之藍相液晶晶格常數呈現梯度分布，使得藍相楔型液晶樣品具有在空間上可連續廣範圍波段調控之光子能隙特性。此外，我們亦摻雜雷射染料於此樣品內，製作出可空間調控雷射輸出波長之雷射元件，此元件之光子能隙與雷射輸出之波長調控範圍分別可達到130奈米及70奈米，遠比以膽固醇液晶楔型樣品之調控範圍寬廣。

Self-assembled photonic crystals (PhCs) based on liquid crystals (LCs) with chirality have high potential for the applications (e.g., soft matter-based integrated photonic circuit) because of their simple fabrication process as well as excellently controllable photonic properties. Cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) and blue phase (BP) liquid crystal are two most representative materials with chiralities. With the addition of the chiral molecules, the LC molecules in CLC and BP can spontaneously self-organize as helical structures. The self-assembled helical structures may induce photonic bandgap (PBG) structure for circularly polarized light in CLC and BP. Lasers based on such soft-matter PhCs can also be developed by simply doping active materials into the CLC and BP systems.
This dissertation, entitled “Tunable photonic bandgap device and laser based on cholesteric and blue phase liquid crystals and their applications”, mainly includes three works, which are briefly described as follows:
(1) The topic of the first work is “Optically tunable/switchable omnidirectionally spherical microlaser based on a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal microdroplet with an azo-chiral dopant.” This work presents an optically wavelength-tunable and intensity-switchable dye-doped CLC (DDCLC) spherical microlaser with an azo-chiral dopant. Experimental results present that two functions of optical control — tunability of lasing wavelength and switchability of lasing intensity — can be obtained for this spherical microlaser at low and high intensity regimes of non-polarized UV irradiation, respectively. The 3D DDCLC spherical microlaser is a highly promising controllable 3D micro-light source or microlaser for applications of 3D all-optical integrated photonics, laser displays, and biomedical imaging and therapy, and as a 3D UV microdosagemeter or microsensor.
(2) The topic of the second work is “Photosensitive and all-optically fast-controllable photonic bandgap device and laser in a dye-doped blue phase with a low-concentration azobenzene liquid crystal.” This work demonstrates the feasibility of a novel photosensitive and all-optically fast-controllable PBG device based on a dye-doped blue phase (DDBP), embedded with a low-concentration azobenzene liquid crystal (azo-LC). The PBG of the DDBP can be reversibly fast-tuned off and on with the successive illumination of a weak UV and green beams. The UV irradiation can transform the trans azo-LCs into bend cis isomers, which can easily disturb LCs at the boundary between the double twisting cylinders (DTCs) and the disclinations, and, then, quickly destabilize BPI to become a BPIII-like texture with randomly-oriented DTCs. With the successive illumination of a green beam, the BPI PBG device can be fast-turned on, owing to the fast disappearance of the disturbance of the azo-LCs on the boundary LCs via the green-beam-induced cis→trans back isomerization. The BP PBG device can significantly contribute to efforts to develop a photosensitive and all-optically fast-controlling LC laser.
(3) The topic of the third work is “Spatially tunable photonic bandgap of wide spectral range and lasing emission based on a blue phase wedge cell.” This study demonstrates for the first time a continuously tunable PBG of wide spectral range based on a BP wedge cell. A continuously shifting PBG of the BP wedge cell occurs due to the thickness gradient of the wedge cell at a fixed temperature. The wedge cell provides a gradient of boundary force on the LCs and thus forms a distribution of BP crystal structure with a gradient lattice. Additionally, a spatially tunable lasing emission based on a DDBP wedge cell is also demonstrated. The tunable band of the PBG and lasing emission is about 130 nm and 70 nm, respectively, which tuning spectral ranges are significantly wider than those of CLC and DDCLC wedge cells, respectively. Such a BP device has a significant potential in applications of tunable photonic devices and displays.

摘要...I
Abstract....III
Acknowledgement VI
Contents....VIII
List of Figures XI
List of Table XVII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Properties of Liquid Crystals 4
2.1 Liquid Crystal Phases 4
2.2 Classification of Liquid Crystals 4
2.2.1 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals 4
2.2.2 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals 5
2.3 Anisotropy of Liquid Crystals 8
2.3.1 Birefringence of Liquid Crystals 8
2.3.2 Dielectric Anisotropy of Liquid Crystals 10
2.4 Elastic Continuum Theory of Liquid Crystals 11
Chapter 3 Optical Properties of Cholesteric and Blue Phase Liquid Crystals 13
3.1 Introduction to Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 13
3.1.1 Textures of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 13
3.1.2 Agents Influences on the Pitch 14
3.2 Optical Properties of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 16
3.2.1 Bragg Reflection 17
3.2.2 Waveguiding Effect 18
3.2.3 Optical Rotation 20
3.3 Introduction to Blue Phase Liquid Crystals 21
3.3.1 Phase Sequence of Blue Phase 21
3.3.2 Double-Twisted Cylinder 21
3.3.3 Cubic Structure of Blue Phase 24
3.4 Optical Properties of Blue Phase Liquid Crystals 25
3.4.1 Bragg Reflection 25
3.4.2 Kossel Diagram 26
3.4.3 Electric-Optics Response in Blue Phase 28
Chapter 4 Lasing in Dye-Doped Cholesteric Liquid Crystals and Dye-Doped Blue Phase 32
4.1 Basic Principles of Laser 32
4.1.1 Interaction of Single-Mode Light with an Atom 32
4.1.2 Population Inversion 34
4.1.3 Optical Feedback 35
4.2 Mechanism of Distributed Feedback Laser 36
4.3 Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Laser 39
4.4 Blue Phase Laser 41
Chapter 5 Effects of Light on Azobenzene Materials Doped Liquid Crystals 42
5.1 Photoisomerization of Azobenzene Materials 42
5.2 Picth Variation of Azobenzene Chiral Doped Liquid Crystals 44
5.3 Isothermal Phase Transition of Azobenezene Doped Liquid Crystals 45
Chapter 6 Sample Preparation and Experimental Setup 48
6.1 Materials 48
6.2 Sample Preparation 50
6.3 Experimental Setup 51
Chapter 7 Optically Tunable/Switchable Omnidirectionally Spherical Microlaser Based on a Dye-Doped Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Microdroplet with an Azo-Chiral Dopant 56
7.1 Introduction 57
7.2 Methods 59
7.3 Results and Discussion 59
7.4 Summary 71
Chapter 8 Photosensitive and All-Optically Fast-Controllable Photonic Bandgap Device and Laser in a Dye-Doped Blue Phase with a Low-Concentration Azobenzene Liquid Crystal 72
8.1 Introduction 72
8.2 Methods 75
8.3 Results and Discussion 76
8.3.1 Optical Characteristics and Structure of DDBP 76
8.3.2 All-Optically Fast-Controllable PBG of DDBP 78
8.3.3 Physical Model for All-Optical Fast-Controllability of DDBP PBG 79
8.3.4 Comparison of DDBP and DDCLC in Terms of Photocontrolling Features 81
8.3.5 All-Optically Fast-Controllable DDBP Laser 84
8.4 Summary 87
Chapter 9 Spatially Tunable Photonic Bandgap of Wide Spectral Range and Lasing Emission Based on a Blue Phase Wedge Cell 88
9.1 Introduction 88
9.2 Methods 91
9.3 Results and Discussion 91
9.4 Summary 106
Chapter 10 Conclusion and Future Works 107
10.1 Conclusion 107
10.2 Future Works 109
References 110
Curriculum Vitae 123
List of Publications 126

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