臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國內環境生態保育漸受重視，而有機農耕法也蔚為風氣，如能將有機廢棄物堆肥化回歸農地，不僅可解決污染等問題，增加作物養分吸收及產量。本研究係為探討臺灣北部地區有機及慣行農耕法對土壤微生物族群動態及肥力之影響，由根圈土壤篩選出溶磷能力強的菌株，找出其最佳接種方式，並配合堆肥及磷礦石粉的施用，以瞭解其對葉菜類小白菜及甘藍生育及養分吸收效應，以提高北部地區酸性土壤磷肥之利用率。
結果顯示，有機農耕法之土壤生質氮與微生物菌數較慣行農耕法高2~3倍，蔬菜園較水稻田高2~5倍。根圈土壤生質氮與微生物菌數為非根圈土壤6~20倍，其中有機農耕法根圈土壤溶鈣磷細菌數較非根圈土壤約高4倍，溶鐵磷細菌約高8倍，其餘溶鈣磷真菌及溶鐵磷真菌數則分別高約7倍及10倍。慣行農耕法根圈土壤溶鈣磷細菌數較非根圈土壤約高5倍，溶鐵磷細菌約高15倍，其餘溶鈣磷真菌及溶鐵磷真菌數則分別高約9倍及6倍。
調查期間由作物根圈土壤中篩選溶磷能力強的菌株共計12株(細菌10株，真菌2株)，其中 Pseudomonas spinosa strain TY6 於小白菜移植後根部灌注菌株原液10 mL及 Aspergillus sp. SU4於穴盤育苗時每穴格介質接種菌株原液10 mL對小白菜生育及養分吸收為最佳。對葉菜類小白菜移植盆栽時，於植株根部接種溶磷細菌Pseudomonas spinosa strain TY6 菌液10 mL，並配合施用堆肥 15 g pot-1，小白菜生育及養分吸收量較不接種者，植株鮮重增加 6 g plant-1，乾重增加 0.22 g plant-1，氮、磷吸收量則分別增加 17 mg plant-1 及 0.8 mg plant-1；而接種溶磷真菌 Aspergillus sp. SU4 菌液10 mL，小白菜生育及養分吸收量較不接種者，植株鮮重增加 1 g plant-1，乾重增加 0.02 g plant-1，磷吸收量則增加 1.2 mg plant-1。
田間試驗種植甘藍於移植田區時植株根部接種 Pseudomonas spinosa strain TY6 菌液10 mL，並配合施用堆肥 10 t ha-1，移植後1個月需進行2次接種 Pseudomonas spinosa strain TY6 菌液10 mL，甘藍生育及養分吸收量較不接種者比較，產量增加 4.8 t ha-1，亁重增加 0.43 t ha-1，氮、磷及鉀吸收量則分別增加 5 kg ha-1、1.09 kg ha-1及 13 kg ha-1，且處理間均達5%顯著差異。

Organic farming system has become more popular in Taiwan nowadays. In case that compost can be used in the farm soil, it could not only solve the pollution problem of agricultural wastes but also increase the soil fertility favorable for the crop production as well as for the multiplication of soil microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic and conventional farming on the population dynamics of soil microorganisms and soil fertility. Soil microorganisms with strongest phosphate-solubilizing capacity were isolated and their inoculation methods were also developed in this study. In order to determine the effect of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms on the growth and nutrients uptake of Pai-tsai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.), the rock phosphate and compost were applied in the field during inoculation of the soil microorganisms.
The result showed the biomass nitrogen and microorganism population in organic farming soil were 2~3 times higher than those in conventional farming soil. However, the biomass nitrogen and microorganism population in vegetable field were 2~5 times higher than those in rice field. The population of microorganisms in rhizosphere soil was 6~20 times higher than those in non-rhizosphere soil. And the population of Ca-PSB, Fe-PSB, Ca-PSF and Fe-PSF microorganisms in organic farming rhizosphere soil was 4, 8, 7, and 10 times, respectively, as compared to those in non-rhizosphere soil. However, the population of Ca-PSB, Fe-PSB, Ca-PSF and Fe-PSF microorganisms in conventional farming rhizosphere soil was 5, 15, 9, and 6 times, respectively, as compared to those in non-rhizosphere soil.
A total of 12 isolates performed strong phosphate-solubilizing capacity, 10 and 2 of them were bacteria and fungi, respectively. Drenching 10 ml plant-1 Pseudomonas spinosa strain TY6 suspension into the root zone of Pai-tsai after transplant, and drenching 10 ml tray-1 Aspergillus sp. SU4 suspension into root of Pai-tsai seeding were suitable inoculation method for the growth and nutrient uptake of Pai-tsai. Experimental results showed that Pai-tsai applying 15 g pot-1 compost and inoculated with 10 ml plant-1 Pseudomonas spinosa strain TY6 suspension increased fresh weights 6 g plant-1, dried weights 0.22 g plant-1, nitrogen uptake 17 mg plant-1 and phosphorous uptake 0.8 mg plant-1, respectively, as compared to non-inoculation treatments. Inoculating with 10 ml plant-1 Aspergillus sp. SU4 suspension could increase fresh weights 1 g plant-1, dried weights 0.02 g plant-1, phosphorous uptake 1.2 mg plant-1, respectively, as compared to non-inoculation treatments.
In the study inoculation of 10 ml plant-1 Pseudomonas spinosa strain TY6 suspension into the root zone with the application of 10 t ha-1 composts for cabbage after transplant one month later. Showed that could give the best treatment, which increased the yield of cabbage 4.8 t ha-1, dry weights 0.43 t ha-1, nitrogen uptake 5 kg ha-1, phosphorus uptake 1.09 kg ha-1 and potassium uptake 13 kg ha-1, respectively, as compared to non-inoculation. And it has 5% significantly different among the treatments.

目錄

中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
英文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------III
目錄 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------V
表次--------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIII
圖次----------------------------------------------------------------------------------IX
附表----------------------------------------------------------------------------------XI
第一章、 緒言-----------------------------------------------------------------------1
第二章、 前人研究-----------------------------------------------------------------3
一、土壤磷的重要性及特性----------------------------------------------------3
二、溶磷微生物的種類---------------------------------------------------------4
三、溶磷機制的探討-------------------------------------------------------------6
四、影響溶磷菌溶磷功能及族群數的因子----------------------------------8
五、溶磷微生物的應用--------------------------------------------------------10
第三章、臺灣北部地區有機農耕法與慣行農法土壤微生物與土壤性質之調查----------------------------------------------------------------------13
一、材料與方法----------------------------------------------------------------13
(一)土壤採集-----------------------------------------------------------------13
(二)土壤微生物菌數測定--------------------------------------------------14
(三)土壤性質測定-----------------------------------------------------------14
(四)統計分析-----------------------------------------------------------------15
二、結果與討論 ---------------------------------------------------------------19
(一)有機農耕法與慣行農法對土壤生質氮量與微生物菌數之影響----------------------------------------------------------------------------19
(二)根圈與非根圈土壤生質氮量與微生物菌數之比較--------------21
(三)有機農耕法與慣行農法對土壤肥力之影響-----------------------23
(四)不同土類對土壤微生物菌數及肥力之影響-----------------------25
三、結論--------------------------------------------------------------------------27
第四章、 接種溶磷菌對小白菜生育與氮和磷吸收量之影響------------28
一、材料與方法-----------------------------------------------------------------28
(一)菌株採樣、篩選、鑑定及特性---------------------------------------28
(二)供試土壤、試驗處理及盆栽作物------------------------------------28
(三)菌株培養、採樣及分析------------------------------------------------30
(四)統計分析及繪圖 -------------------------------------------------------32
二、結果與討論-----------------------------------------------------------------32
(一)供試菌株純化、鑑定及溶磷能力-----------------------------------32
(二)小白菜收穫期之根圈溶磷菌數之變化 ----------------------------34
(三)接種溶磷菌對小白菜產量、乾重及氮、磷吸收量之影響------37
三、結論--------------------------------------------------------------------------52
第五章、溶磷菌不同接種方式及菌液量對小白菜生育與氮和磷吸收
之影響-----------------------------------------------------------------53
一 、溶磷菌不同接種方式對小白菜生育與氮和磷吸收量之影響----53
(一)材料與方法- -------------------------------------------------------------53
1.供試土壤、試驗處理- ---------------------- ---------------------------53
2.供試菌株與接種法-----------------------------------------------------54
3.採樣與分析-- -----------------------------------------------------------54
4.溶磷菌於鈣磷液體培養基培養三天培養液pH及可溶性磷濃度 之測定- ------------------------------------------------------------------54
5.統計分析及繪圖- ------------------------------------------------------54
(二)結果與討論--------------------------------------------------------------54
1.供試溶磷菌於鈣磷液體培養基培養三天培養液pH及可溶性 磷濃度之變化 ----------------------------------------------------------54
2.溶磷菌不同接種方式對小白菜根圈溶磷菌數之變化 ---------57
3.溶磷菌不同接種方式對小白菜鮮重和乾重之影響 ------------59
4.溶磷菌不同接種方式對小白菜氮和磷吸收量之影響- ---------62
(三)結論-----------------------------------------------------------------------66
二、溶磷菌液不同接種量對白菜生育與氮和磷吸收量之影響-------67
(一)材料與方法--------------------------------------------------------------67
1.供試土壤、試驗處理--------------------------------------------------67
2.供試菌株與接種法- ---------------------------------------------------67
3.採樣與分析- ------------------------------------------------------------67
4.統計分析及繪圖- ------------------------------------------------------67
(二)結果與討論--------------------------------------------------------------68
1.溶磷菌液不同接種量對小白菜根圈溶磷菌數之變化- ---------68
2.溶磷菌液不同接種量對小白菜產量和乾重之影響 ------------70
3.溶磷菌不同接種量對小白菜氮和磷吸收量之影響-------------73
(三)結論----------------------------------------------------------------------76
第六章、 接種溶磷菌與不同堆肥對白菜生育及氮和磷吸收量之影響
--------------------------------------------------------------------------77
一、材料與方法 --------------------------------------------------------------77
(一)供試土壤與試驗處理 ------------------------------------------------77
(二)供試菌株與接種法 ---------------------------------------------------78
(三)採樣與分析 ------------------------------------------------------------78
(四)統計分析及繪圖 ------------------------------------------------------78
二、結果與討論 --------------------------------------------------------------79
(一)接種溶磷菌與不同堆肥對小白菜收穫期之根圈溶磷菌數之變 化-------------------------------------------------------------------------79
(二)接種溶磷菌與不同堆肥對小白菜鮮重和乾重之影響----------82
(三)接種溶磷菌與不同堆肥對小白菜氮和磷吸收量之影響 ------86
(四)接種溶磷菌與不同堆肥對土壤肥力之影響 ---------------------90
三、結論 -----------------------------------------------------------------------95
第七章、 接種溶磷菌對甘藍生育與養分吸收之影響--------------------96
一、材料與方法 --------------------------------------------------------------96
(一)供試土壤、試驗處理 ------------------------------------------------96
(二)供試菌株與接種法 ---------------------------------------------------96
(三)採樣與分析 ------------------------------------------------------------97
(四)統計分析及繪圖-------------------------------------------------------97
二、結果與討論 --------------------------------------------------------------97
(一)不同處理對甘藍收穫期之根圈溶磷菌數之變化 ---------------97
(二)不同處理對甘藍生育、產量和乾重之影響 ---------------------98
(三)不同處理對甘藍養分吸收之影響---------------------------------103
(四)不同處理對土壤肥力之影響---------------------------------------107
三、結論-----------------------------------------------------------------------115
參考文獻 -----------------------------------------------------------------------116
附表 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------131

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