臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本試驗目的為建立蕹菜及葉萵苣簡易溫網室栽培中，光強度及有機質肥料對植株生長、產量及硝酸鹽含量之影響，選擇蕹菜‘白骨’、‘桃園一號’、‘竹葉’及葉萵苣‘三號萵苣’、‘尖葉種’分別於夏季及秋冬季進行試驗，
試驗一調查蕹菜及葉萵苣之光合作用特性，在採收前進行不遮蔭、25%、50%及75%遮蔭處理，採收前平均光強度為900、675、450及225 μmol•m-2•s-1。蕹菜以‘白骨’較為耐蔭，‘桃園一號’、‘竹葉’光合作用特性則較為相似，光飽和點分別為700及1000 μmol•m-2•s-1，葉萵苣‘三號萵苣’、‘尖葉種’之光飽和點約為1000 μmol•m-2•s-1。蕹菜及葉萵苣硝酸還原酶活性隨著光強度減少而下降，其光合作用能力分別在光強度225 (‘白骨’)、450 (‘桃園一號’、‘竹葉’)及450 μmol•m-2•s-1以下開始減少，進而導致及碳水化合物的減少，處理3天即造成硝酸根離子的累積及產量的減少，75%遮蔭處理第5天時蕹菜及葉萵苣硝酸鹽含量分別可達2800~3800及2500~3200 mg/kg，產量分別減少了24~31%及25~33%，蕹菜‘白骨’及葉萵苣‘尖葉種’的光補償點較低，遮蔭處理的影響較小。
試驗二選擇植物渣粕肥料及禽畜糞堆肥，進行4個月的室內培育試驗，植物渣粕肥料的大豆粕，擁有較快速的氮素釋放率，於培育7~14天可達65~70%左右；禽畜糞堆肥的田樂一號原料為牛糞及香菇太空包所組成，於培育前14天有一波氮素釋放，氮素釋放率達到35%，其後隨著時間增加而緩慢上升，最後於培育第112天時達到約51.5%。土壤基本性質方面，田樂一號含有較高的陽離子含量，施用後在提升土壤EC值、交換性P、K、Ca、Mg及有機質含量方面較佳，EC值(1：2, w/v)可提升0.7 ds/m，並可提升土壤pH值，大豆粕施用後則會降低pH值，其大豆粕、田樂一號及對照組之pH值分別為6.73、7.26及7.13。
試驗三於簡易溫網室內土耕栽培蕹菜及葉萵苣，以試驗二所使用的肥料，依施用作物施肥手冊化學氮素推薦量的1、2、4及8倍肥料施用量，並在葉萵苣試驗中連續種植兩作。單期作時，蕹菜及葉萵苣於1倍施用量時擁有最佳的氮素利用效率，可顯著提升產量及維持低硝酸根離子含量，其硝酸鹽含量分別為1800~2200及2600~3000 mg/kg，於4、8倍施用量下會造成土壤交換性磷、無機態氮含量的累積，植體硝酸根離子達到3000 mg/kg以上。第2作葉萵苣方面，1倍施用量不足以供應物所需的養分，以2倍施用量的效果較佳。兩作的肥效表現以大豆粕優於田樂一號，兩作總產量分別較對照組增加了45~49%及68~72%。
綜合上述，蕹菜及葉萵苣分別於光強度225 (‘白骨’)、450 (‘桃園一號’、‘竹葉’)及450 μmol•m-2•s-1以上擁有較好的氮素代謝能力，施肥量以100及120 kg/ha N時擁有最好的經濟效應，超過480及400 kg/ha N造成植體硝酸根離子的累積。生育期一個月之葉菜栽培可施用大豆粕，並使用石灰依據情況施用調整土壤pH值，田樂一號則可能適用其他長期栽培之作物，如果菜類、花菜類或果樹等，若栽培葉菜類一次施用不宜超過400 kg/ha N，以免造成土壤磷肥大量累積。

The production and nitrate content of three cultivars of water convolvulus ('White Stem','Taoyuan No. 1' and 'Large leaf') and two cultivars of leaf lettuce ('Ming-Feng No.3' and 'Pointed Leaf') in the various application rates of organic fertilizer or shading levels and duration under simple facility in summer and winter, respectively, were studied.
In experiment 1, the effects of shading (full sunlight, 25%, 50% and 75% attenuated light; with an average photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 900, 675, 450 and 225 μmol•m-2•s-1, respectively) on the photosynthetic characteristics of water convolvulus and leaf lettuce were investigated. In water convolvulus, 'White Stem' showed the best shade tolerance, while 'Taoyuan No. 1' and 'Large leaf' had similar photosynthetic characteristics. The light saturation point were 700 ('White Stem') and 1000 ('Taoyuan No. 1' and 'Large leaf') μmol•m-2•s-1 respectively. In leaf lettuce, both 'Ming-Feng No.3' and 'Pointed leaf' showed a similar light saturation point of 1000 μmol•m-2•s-1. In addition, the result showed that nitrate reductase activity of water convolvulus and leaf lettuce reduced as the decrease of light intensity, and the photosynthetic rate were reduced when the PPF were in the range of 225 ('White Stem'), 450 ('Taoyuan No. 1' and 'Large leaf'), and 450 μmol•m-2•s-1, respectively, leading to decreases in the nitrate reductase activity and carbohydrate content. Three days after treatment at 50-75% attenuated light, the nitrate content in the plants was enhanced and the yield was curtailed. Five days after treatment at 50% attenuated light, the nitrate content of water convolvulus and leaf lettuce reached 2800~3800 and 2500~3200 mg/kg, respectively. Shading had a minor influence on shade-tolerant cultivars such as water convolvulus 'White Stem' and leaf lettuce 'Pointed leaf'.
In experiment 2, a 4-months laboratory incubation was conducted to determine the nitrogen release rate when using two different categories of organic fertilizers, plant residues (soybean meal, S) and composed animal manures (tatara No.1, C). S, which has a faster nitrogen release rate, showed 65~70% release after 7~14 days of laboratory incubation. C, which is a two-stage releasing fertilizer that has a fast nitrogen release stage of up to 35% during the first 14 days of incubation followed by a slow release stage, exhibited a nitrogen release of about 51.5% at day 112 of incubation. In terms of their effects on soil properties, C had more souble salt and recalcitrant substratethan S, which elevated the soil EC value (1：2, w/v) by 0.7 ds/m; it also had better exchangeable P, K, Ca, Mg and organic matter content. The use of C increased the pH value of the soil, while S reduced the pH value. The pH value of S, C and control treatment were 6.73, 7.26 and 7.13, respectively.
In experiment 3, water convolvulus and leaf lettuce grown in soil in a greenhouse, and were treated with different numbers of applications (1, 2, 4 and 8 applications of chemical nitrogen the recommended amount) of S and C or no fertilizer treatment (control). The plants were continually cultivated twice during experimental period.. In the first crop season, the highest nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of water convolvulus and leaf lettuce was when 1 application of S and C was used, following which the yields were significantly enhanced and the nitrate content of plant were low. The nitrate levels of water convolvulus and leaf lettuce were 1800~2200 and 2600~3000 mg/kg, respectively. With 4 and 8 applications, the treatment resulted in accumulation of P and inorganic N, and nitrate content of plant was over 3000 mg/kg. In the second crop season, treatment with 1 application was not able to provide enough nutrient for the planys, and treatment with 2 applications had a better outcome. In the two categories of organic fertilizer, the faster decomposition of S led to a better yield than C during the two crop seasons being elevated 45~49% and 68~72%, respectively. As compared with the control.
In conclusion, water convolvulus and leaf lettuce have a good N metabolic rate at a PPF bove 225 ('White Stem'), 450 ('Taoyuan No. 1' and 'Large leaf'), and 450 μmol•m-2•s-1, respectively. From the point of view of environmental ecology and economics, the nitrogen efficiency at the application rate (100 and 120 kg/ha N) should be appropriate. The faster decomposition of S means that it is the best fertilizer for application in a one-month culture, and applying lime depends on pH value of soil. C is suitable for applization in long-term culture, such as fruit vegetable, flower vegetable and fuit tree, but it should not be applied at more than 400 kg/ha N at a time for leaf vegetable, as this resluts in soil accumulation of P in the soil.

摘要...........................................i
目錄...........................................v
表目錄.........................................vi
圖目錄.........................................viii

壹、前言.......................................1
貳、前人研究
一、蕹菜及葉萵苣生長特性及養分需求.............2
二、有機質肥料之特性...........................3
三、影響植物光合作用之因子.....................5
四、氮代謝對植物體硝酸鹽累積之關係.............8
參、材料方法
試驗一、不同光強度處理天數對蕹菜及葉萵苣植株生育及硝酸根離子含量之影響.....................................13
試驗二、不同有機質肥料施用於土壤中氮肥釋出特性.18
試驗三、不同有機質肥料施用量對蕹菜及葉萵苣植株生育、硝酸根離子含量及養分吸收之影響.........................22
肆、結果
試驗一、不同光強度處理天數對蕹菜及葉萵苣植株生育及硝酸根離子含量之影響.....................................28
試驗二、不同有機質肥料施用於土壤中氮肥釋出特性..60
試驗三、不同有機質肥料施用量對蕹菜及葉萵苣植株生育、硝酸鹽含量及養分吸收之影響..............................66
伍、討論
一、不同光強度處理天數對蕹菜及葉萵苣植株生育及硝酸根離子含量之影響..........................................108
二、不同有機質肥料施用於土壤中氮肥釋出特性......111
三、不同有機質肥料施用量對蕹菜及葉萵苣植株生育、硝酸鹽含量及養分吸收之影響...................................113
陸、結論..........................................118
柒、參考文獻.......................................120
捌、附錄............................................131

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